Tag: sleep

Categories : NeurologyTags :

New Insights into Sleep Uncover Mechanism for Enhancing Cognitive Function

On By ModernMedia
Photo by Cottonbro on Pexels

While it’s well known that sleep enhances cognitive performance, the underlying neural mechanisms, particularly those related to nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, remain largely unexplored. A new study by a team of researchers coordinated by Rice University’s Valentin Dragoi, has nonetheless uncovered a key mechanism by which sleep enhances neuronal and behavioural performance, potentially changing our fundamental understanding of how sleep boosts brainpower.

The research, published in Science, reveals how NREM sleep – such as in a nap – fosters brain synchronisation and enhances information encoding, shedding new light on this sleep stage. The researchers replicated these effects through invasive stimulation, suggesting promising possibilities for future neuromodulation therapies in humans. The implications of this discovery potentially pave the way for innovative treatments for sleep disorders and even methods to enhance cognitive and behavioural performance.

The investigation involved an examination of the neural activity in multiple brain areas in macaques while the animals performed a visual discrimination task before and after a 30-minute period of NREM sleep. Using multielectrode arrays, the researchers recorded the activity of thousands of neurons across three brain areas: the primary and midlevel visual cortices and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which are associated with visual processing and executive functions. To confirm that the macaques were in NREM sleep, researchers used polysomnography to monitor their brain and muscle activity alongside video analysis to ensure their eyes were closed and their bodies relaxed.

The findings demonstrated that sleep improved the animals’ performance in the visual task with enhanced accuracy in distinguishing rotated images. Meanwhile, the macaques that experienced quiet wakefulness without falling asleep did not show the same performance boost.

“During sleep, we observed an increase in low-frequency delta wave activity and synchronised firing among neurons across different cortical regions,” said first author Dr Natasha Kharas. “After sleep, however, neuronal activity became more desynchronised compared to before sleep, allowing neurons to fire more independently. This shift led to improved accuracy in information processing and performance in the visual tasks.”

The researchers also simulated the neural effects of sleep through low-frequency electrical stimulation of the visual cortex. They applied a 4-Hz stimulation to mimic the delta frequency observed during NREM sleep while the animals were awake. This artificial stimulation reproduced the desynchronization effect seen after sleep and similarly enhanced the animals’ task performance, suggesting that specific patterns of electrical stimulation could potentially be used to emulate the cognitive benefits of sleep.

“This finding is significant because it suggests that some of the restorative and performance-enhancing effects of sleep might be achieved without the need for actual sleep,” said Dragoi, study co-author, professor of electrical and computer engineering at Rice and professor of neuroscience at Weill Cornell. “The ability to reproduce sleeplike neural desynchronisation in an awake state opens new possibilities for enhancing cognitive and perceptual performance in situations where sleep is not feasible – such as for individuals with sleep disorders or in extenuating circumstances such as space exploration.”

The researchers further investigated their findings by building a large neural network model. They found that during sleep, both excitatory and inhibitory connections in the brain become weaker, but they do so asymmetrically, making inhibitory connections weaker than excitatory connections, which causes an increase in excitation.

“We have uncovered a surprising solution that the brain employs after sleep whereby neural populations participating in the task reduce their level of synchrony after sleep despite receiving synchronizing inputs during sleep itself,” Dragoi said.

The idea that NREM sleep effectively “boosts” the brain in this way, and that this resetting can be mimicked artificially, offers potential for developing therapeutic brain stimulation techniques to improve cognitive function and memory.

“Our study not only deepens our mechanistic understanding of sleep’s role in cognitive function but also breaks new ground by showing that specific patterns of brain stimulation could substitute for some benefits of sleep, pointing toward a future where we might boost brain function independently of sleep itself,” Dragoi said.

Source: Rice University

Categories : Exercise NeurologyTags :

Workouts – or Disturbed Sleep – Impact Brain Activity Weeks Later

On By ModernMedia
Photo by Ketut Subiyanto on Pexels

In a rare, longitudinal study, researchers from Aalto University and the University of Oulu tracked one person’s brain and behavioural activity for five months using brain scans and data from wearable devices and smartphones. The results appear in PLOS Biology.

“We wanted to go beyond isolated events,” says research leader (and study participant) Ana Triana. “Our behaviour and mental states are constantly shaped by our environment and experiences. Yet, we know little about the response of brain functional connectivity to environmental, physiological, and behavioural changes on different timescales, from days to months.”

The study found that the brain does not respond to daily life in immediate, isolated bursts. Instead, brain activity evolves in response to sleep patterns, physical activity, mood, and respiration rate over many days. This suggests that even a workout or a restless night from last week could still affect the brain – and therefore attention, cognition and memory – well into next week.

The research also revealed a strong link between heart rate variability – a measure of the heart’s adaptability – and brain connectivity, particularly during rest. This suggests that impacts on the body’s relaxation response, like stress management techniques, could shape brain wiring even when not actively concentrating on a task. Physical activity was also found to positively influence the way brain regions interact, potentially impacting memory and cognitive flexibility. Even subtle shifts in mood and heart rate left lasting imprints for up to 15 days.

Study goes beyond a snapshot

The research is unusual in that few brain studies involve detailed monitoring over days and weeks. “The use of wearable technology was crucial,” says Triana. “Brain scans are useful tools, but a snapshot of someone lying still for half an hour can only show so much. Our brains do not work in isolation.”

Triana was herself the subject of the research, monitored as she went about her daily life. Her unique role as both lead author and study participant added complexity, but also brought firsthand insights into how best to maintain research integrity over several months of personalised data collection.  Data from the devices and twice-weekly brain scans were complemented by qualitative data from mood surveys. 

The researchers identified two distinct response patterns: a short-term wave lasting under seven days and a long-term wave up to 15 days. The former reflects rapid adaptations, like how focus is impacted by poor sleep, but it recovers quickly. The long wave suggests more gradual, lasting effects, particularly in areas tied to attention and memory. 

Single-subject studies offer opportunities for improving mental health care 

The researchers hope their innovative approach will inspire future studies that combine brain data with everyday life to help personalise mental health treatment. 

“We must bring data from daily life into the lab to see the full picture of how our habits shape the brain, but surveys can be tiring and inaccurate,” says study co-author, neuroscientist and physician Dr Nick Hayward. “Combining concurrent physiology with repeated brain scans in one person is crucial. Our approach gives context to neuroscience and delivers very fine detail to our understanding of the brain.”

The study is also a proof-of-concept for patient research. Tracking brain changes in real time could help detect neurological disorders early, especially mental health conditions where subtle signs might be missed.

“Linking brain activity with physiological and environmental data could revolutionise personalised healthcare, opening doors for earlier interventions and better outcomes,” says Triana.

Source: Aalto University

Categories : Metabolic DisordersTags :

New Study Investigates How Jetlag can Disrupt Metabolism

On By ModernMedia
Photo by Andrea Piacquadio: https://www.pexels.com/photo/young-man-in-sleepwear-suffering-from-headache-in-morning-3771115/

A new study from the University of Surrey and the University of Aberdeen has found that disruptions to our body clock, such as those experienced during jetlag, impact our metabolism – but to a lesser extent than sleepiness and the primary clock in the brain. 

Led by Professor Jonathan Johnston at the University of Surrey and Professor Alexandra Johnstone at the University of Aberdeen, the research involved a controlled experiment where participants experienced a 5-hour delay in their bedtime and mealtimes.  

The study, published on iScience, highlights that the time shifts lead to: 

  • Reduced energy spent processing meals. 
  • Changes in blood sugar and fat levels. 
  • Slower release of breakfast contents from the stomach. 

These metabolic effects were temporary, however, and mostly recovered within 2-3 days of the 5-hour time delay. This was in marked contrast to the main clock in the brain, plus feelings of sleepiness and alertness, which had not recovered within 5 days of the 5-hour time delay. 

Our research underscores the importance of maintaining a consistent sleep schedule, particularly in our fast-paced world in which long trips and shift work are ever so common. Even a small time shift can impact many aspects of metabolism, but it now seems that metabolic consequences of jetlag recover far more quickly than impairment of sleep and alertness. Understanding the impact of circadian rhythms on our health can help us make informed choices about our lifestyle. By optimising our sleep and eating patterns, we can improve our overall wellbeing. 

Professor Jonathan Johnston, Professor of Chronobiology and Integrative Physiology

Source: University of Surrey

Categories : Cardiovascular Disease PaediatricsTags :

Adequate Sleep Significantly Reduces Hypertension Risk in Teens

On By ModernMedia
Photo by Eren Li

Adolescents who meet the recommended guidelines of nine to 11 hours of sleep per day were shown to have a significantly lower risk of hypertension, according to a new study from UTHealth Houston.  

Recently published in the Journal of the American Heart Association, the research revealed that adolescents had a 37% lower risk of developing incidents of high blood pressure by meeting healthy sleep patterns, and underscoring the importance of adequate sleep behaviour. The research further explored the impact of environmental factors potentially impacting sleep.  

“Disrupted sleep can lead to changes in the body’s stress response, including elevated levels of stress hormones like cortisol, which in turn can increase blood pressure,” said first author Augusto César Ferreira De Moraes, PhD, assistant professor in the Department of Epidemiology at UTHealth Houston School of Public Health. 

De Moraes and his team analysed data from 3320 adolescents across the US to investigate incidents of high blood pressure during nighttime sleep cycles. Scientists identified a rise in hypertension incidents over two data periods, 2018-2020 and 2020-2022, showing an increase from 1.7% to 2.9%. The data included blood pressure readings and Fitbit assessments, which measured total sleep time and REM sleep duration at night. The study’s design analysed covariates such as Fitbit-tracked sleep, blood pressure, and neighbourhood noise by residential geocodes, allowing for a thorough examination of environmental noise exposure for each participant. 

Neighbourhood/community noise was not significantly associated with the incidence of hypertension. Environmental factors, such as neighbourhood noise, point to the need for longer-term studies to investigate the relationship between sleep health and hypertension, particularly in relation to socioeconomic status, stress levels, and genetic predispositions. 

The study emphasises the importance of improved sleep behaviours and meeting recommendations. “Consistent sleep schedules, minimising screen time before bed, and creating a calm, quiet sleep environment can all contribute to better sleep quality,” advises Martin Ma, MPH, second author of the study and recent graduate of the school. “Although environmental noise didn’t directly affect hypertension in this study, maintaining a quiet and restful sleep environment is still important for overall well-being.” 

Source: University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston

Categories : Substance UseTags :

Objective Study Shows that Cannabinol does in Fact Increase Sleep

On By ModernMedia
Photo by Cottonbro on Pexels

Research by scientists at the University of Sydney has identified cannabinol (CBN), a constituent in the cannabis plant that improves sleep. Their report is the first to use objective measures to show that (CBN), while not intoxicating, does increase sleep in rats. The study, which has been published in the leading journal Neuropsychopharmacology, found that CBN was comparable in efficacy to zolpidem.

“For decades, cannabis folklore has suggested that aged cannabis makes consumers sleepy via the build-up of CBN, however there was no convincing evidence for this,” said lead author Professor Jonathon Arnold, Director of Preclinical Research, at the Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics and the Sydney Pharmacy School.

“Our study provides the first objective evidence that CBN increases sleep, at least in rats, by modifying the architecture of sleep in a beneficial way.”

CBN is an end-product of the main intoxicating constituent of cannabis, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). THC in cannabis is slowly converted to CBN over time, which means older cannabis contains higher levels of this compound. It has been suggested that the consumption of older cannabis is associated with a sleepier cannabis “high”. 

In the United States, highly purified CBN products are being sold as sleep aids, but there has been little high-quality scientific evidence to support this application.

The research team at the Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics tested the effects of purified CBN on sleep in rats. Using high-tech monitoring, the experiments provided insights into the rats’ sleep patterns including the amount of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. 

NREM is deep sleep that promotes physical recovery and strengthens memories, while REM sleep is associated with dreaming and processing of emotions. 

Professor Arnold said: “CBN was found to increase both NREM and REM sleep, leading to increased total sleep time, with a comparable effect to the known sleep drug zolpidem.”

Non-intoxicating

Unlike its parent molecule THC, CBN did not appear to intoxicate rats. THC intoxicates by activating CB1 cannabinoid receptors, which are present in the brain. The study showed that unlike THC, CBN only weakly activates these receptors. To their surprise, the researchers found that a metabolite of CBN had significant effects on cannabinoid CB1 receptors. 

A metabolite is a chemical produced via the metabolism of a larger molecule in the body.

They also found that the 11-OH CBN metabolite had some impact on sleep architecture, which might contribute to the overall effects of CBN on sleep.

“This provides the first evidence that CBN indeed increases sleep using objective sleep measures. It was a surprise that CBN metabolism in the body can yield a much greater effect on cannabinoid CB1 receptors than the parent molecule CBN, which has much more limited activity,” Professor Arnold said.

“At this stage our results are confined to testing in rats. Further research is needed to see if this translates to humans.”  

Further study

In a parallel study, yet to be published, Professor Iain McGregor, Director of Clinical Research at the Lambert Initiative, initiated a placebo-controlled randomised human clinical trial in insomnia patients. This was led by PhD student Isobel Lavender with leading sleep researcher Dr Camilla Hoyos from the Woolcock Institute of Medical Research. The trial has now been completed with very promising results that were recently announced at the International Cannabinoid Research Society and Sleep DownUnder scientific conferences.

“Our research encourages further basic and clinical research on CBN as a new treatment strategy for sleep disorders, including insomnia. Our clinical study only administered CBN on a single occasion. A trial on a larger scale, that includes repeated dosing, is the logical next step,” Professor McGregor said.

Professor Arnold said: “The team has now commenced a preclinical drug discovery program around CBN, as well as observing whether the pro-sleep effects of CBN can be further amplified by other molecules found in cannabis, or by conventional sleep aids, such as melatonin.”

Source: University of Sydney

Categories : Cardiovascular Disease NeurologyTags :

Heart Attacks Trigger a Greater Need for Sleep to Promote Healing

On By ModernMedia
Photo by Cottonbro on Pexels

A heart attack can trigger a desire to get more sleep, allowing the heart to heal and reduce inflammation as a result of the heart’s special signals to the brain, according to a new Mount Sinai study. This is the first study showing how the heart and brain communicate via the immune system to promote sleep and recovery after a major cardiovascular event.

The novel findings, published in Nature, highlight the importance of increased sleep after a heart attack, and suggest that sufficient sleep should be a focus of post-heart-attack clinical management and care, including in intensive care, where sleep is frequently disrupted, along with cardiac rehabilitation.

“This study is the first to demonstrate that the heart regulates sleep during cardiovascular injury by using the immune system to signal to the brain. Our data show that after a myocardial infarction (heart attack) the brain undergoes profound changes that augment sleep, and that in the weeks following a myocardial infarction, sleep abundance and drive is increased,” says senior author Cameron McAlpine, PhD, Assistant Professor of Medicine (Cardiology), and Neuroscience, at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. “We found that neuro-inflammation and the recruitment of immune cells called monocytes to the brain after a myocardial infarction is a beneficial and adaptive response that increases sleep to enable heart healing and the reduction of damaging cardiac inflammation.”

The researchers from the Cardiovascular Research Institute at Icahn Mount Sinai first used mouse models to discover this phenomenon. They induced heart attacks in half of the mice and performed high-resolution imaging and cell analysis, and used implantable wireless electroencephalogram devices to record electrical signals from their brains and analyse sleep patterns. After the heart attack, they found a three-fold increase in slow-wave sleep, a deep stage of sleep characterized by slow brain waves and reduced muscle activity. This increase in sleep occurred quickly after the heart attack and lasted one week.

When the researchers studied the brains of the mice with heart attacks, they found that immune cells called monocytes were recruited from the blood to the brain and used a protein called tumour necrosis factor (TNF) to activate neurons in an area of the brain called the thalamus, which caused the increase in sleep. This happened within hours after the cardiac event, and none of this occurred in the mice that did not have heart attacks.

The researchers then used sophisticated approaches to manipulate neuron TNF signaling in the thalamus and uncovered that the sleeping brain uses the nervous system to send signals back to the heart to reduce heart stress, promote healing, and decrease heart inflammation after a heart attack. To further identify the function of increased sleep after a heart attack, the researchers also interrupted the sleep of some of the mice. The mice with sleep disruption after a heart attack had an increase in heart sympathetic stress responses and inflammation, leading to slower recovery and healing when compared to mice with undisrupted sleep.

The research team also performed several human studies. The first studied the brains of patients 1–2 days after a heart attack and found an increase in monocytes compared to people without a heart attack or other CVD, mirroring the mice findings. The next analysed the sleep of more than 80 heart attack patients during the four weeks post-event and followed them for two years. The patients were divided into good sleepers and poor sleepers based on the quality of their sleep during the four weeks post-heart attack. The poor sleepers had a worse prognosis; their risk of having another cardiovascular event was twice as high as good sleepers. Additionally, the good sleepers had a significant improvement in heart function while poor sleepers had no or little improvement. 

In another human study, the researchers analysed the impact of five weeks of restricted sleep in 20 healthy adults. Sleep was monitored using electronic devices and the participants kept a sleep diary. During the five-week study period, half the participants slept for the recommended seven to eight hours a night uninterrupted, while the other half restricted their sleep by 1.5 hours each night – either delaying bedtime or waking up early. After the study period, researchers analysed blood monocytes and found similar sympathetic stress signaling and inflammatory responses in the sleep-restricted group as those that were identified in mice.

Source: The Mount Sinai Hospital / Mount Sinai School of Medicine

Categories : Expert OpinionTags :

British Sleep Society Urges Getting Rid of Daylight Savings Time

On By ModernMedia
Photo by Cottonbro on Pexels

The British Sleep Society has released a position statement in the Journal of Sleep Research advocating for the abolition of the twice-yearly clock changes in the UK and the restoration of permanent Standard Time (Greenwich Mean Time). This recommendation is based on scientific evidence highlighting the adverse effects of the clock change and Daylight Saving Time (DST) on sleep and circadian health.

The British Sleep Society emphasises that sleep is central to health and well-being and the enforced changes of clock time to DST can interfere negatively with sleep regulation. “What we often don’t realise is that DST changes our schedules, moving them forward by one hour while daylight remains the same. DST forces us all to get up and go to work or school one hour earlier, often in the dark,” said co-author Eva Winnebeck, PhD, of the University of Surrey. The Society stresses that natural daylight in the morning is crucial for maintaining an alignment of our body clocks with day and night, which is essential for optimal sleep and overall health.

“Some people even advocate switching to DST all year around. We think this is misguided, because it would leave us with dark mornings during the winter, and morning light is critically important for keeping our body clocks synchronized,” says coauthor Malcolm von Schantz, PhD, of Northumbria University.

Other sleep societies have also argued against year-round DST and advocate for the return to year-round Standard Time, but this position statement is the first published UK perspective. “The unique location and orientation of our UK landmass needs to be considered because permanent DST would over-disadvantage people west and north of London,” said first author Megan Crawford, PhD, of the University of Strathclyde.

Source: Wiley

Categories : Medical Research & TechnologyTags :

Scientists Discover a Secret to Regulating our Circadian Rhythm

On By ModernMedia
Photo by Mert Kahveci on Unsplash

A team of scientists in Singapore and the US uncovered how a protein that controls our biological clock modifies its own function, offering new ways for treating jet lag and seasonal adjustments

Scientists from Duke-NUS Medical School and the University of California, Santa Cruz, have discovered the secret to regulating our internal clock. They identified that this regulator sits right at the tail end of Casein Kinase 1 delta (CK1δ), a protein which acts as a pace setter for our internal biological clock or the natural 24-hour cycles that control sleep-wake patterns and other daily functions, known as circadian rhythm.

Published in the journal PNAS, their findings could lead to new treatments for circadian rhythm disorders.

CK1δ regulates circadian rhythms by tagging other proteins involved in circadian rhythm to fine-tune the timing of these rhythms. In addition to modifying other proteins, CK1δ itself can be tagged, thereby altering its own ability to regulate the proteins involved in running the body’s internal clock.

Previous research identified two distinct versions of CK1δ, known as isoforms δ1 and δ2, which vary by just 16 building blocks or amino acids right at the end of the protein in a part called the C-terminal tail. Yet these small differences significantly impact CK1δ’s function. While it was known that when these proteins are tagged, their ability to regulate the body clock decreases, no one knew exactly how this happened.

Using advanced spectroscopy and spectrometry techniques to zoom in on the tails, the researchers found that how the proteins are tagged is determined by their distinct tail sequences.

Professor Carrie Partch at the University of California, Santa Cruz and corresponding author of the study explained:

“Our findings pinpoint to three specific sites on CK1δ’s tail where phosphate groups can attach, and these sites are crucial for controlling the protein’s activity. When these spots get tagged with a phosphate group, CK1δ becomes less active, which means it doesn’t influence our circadian rhythms as effectively. Using high-resolution analysis, we were able to pinpoint the exact sites involved—and that’s really exciting.”

Having first studied this protein more than 30 years ago while investigating its role in cell division, Professor David Virshup, the director of the Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Programme at Duke-NUS and co-corresponding author of the study, elaborated:

“With the technology we have available now, we were finally able to get to the bottom of a question that has gone unanswered for more than 25 years. We found that the δ1 tail interacts more extensively with the main part of the protein, leading to greater self-inhibition compared to δ2. This means that δ1 is more tightly regulated by its tail than δ2. When these sites are mutated or removed, δ1 becomes more active, which leads to changes in circadian rhythms. In contrast, δ2 does not have the same regulatory effect from its tail region.”

This discovery highlights how a small part of CK1δ can greatly influence its overall activity. This self-regulation is vital for keeping CK1δ activity balanced, which, in turn, helps regulate our circadian rhythms.

The study also addressed the wider implications of these findings. CK1δ plays a role in several important processes beyond circadian rhythms, including cell division, cancer development, and certain neurodegenerative diseases. By better understanding how CK1δ’s activity is regulated, scientists could open new avenues for treating not just circadian rhythm disorders but also a range of conditions.

The researchers plan to further investigate how real-world factors, such as diet and environmental changes, affect the tagging sites on CK1δ. This could provide insights into how these factors affect circadian rhythms and might lead to practical solutions for managing disruptions.

Source: Duke-NUS Medical School

Categories : Cardiovascular DiseaseTags :

Weekend Sleep Catchup may Lower Heart Disease Risk by up to 20%

On By ModernMedia
Photo by Mert Kahveci on Unsplash

The demands of the working week, often influenced by school or work schedules, can lead to sleep disruption and deprivation. Fortunately, new research presented at ESC Congress 2024 shows that people that ‘catch up’ on their sleep by sleeping in at weekends may see their risk of heart disease fall by one-fifth.  

“Sufficient compensatory sleep is linked to a lower risk of heart disease,” said study co-author Mr Yanjun Song of the State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, China. “The association becomes even more pronounced among individuals who regularly experience inadequate sleep on weekdays.” 

It is well known that people who suffer sleep deprivation ‘sleep in’ on days off to mitigate the effects of sleep deprivation. However, there is a lack of research on whether this compensatory sleep helps heart health.  

The authors used data from 90 903 subjects involved in the UK Biobank project, and to evaluate the relationship between compensated weekend sleep and heart disease, sleep data was recorded using accelerometers and grouped by quartiles (divided into four approximately equal groups from most compensated sleep to least). Q1 (n = 22 475 was the least compensated, having -16.05 hours to -0.26 hours (ie, having even less sleep); Q2 (n = 22 901) had -0.26 to +0.45 hours; Q3 (n=22 692) had +0.45 to +1.28 hours, and Q4 (n=22 695) had the most compensatory sleep (1.28 to 16.06 hours). 

Sleep deprivation was self-reported, with those self-reporting less than 7 hours sleep per night defined as having sleep deprivation.  A total of 19 816 (21.8%) of participants were defined as sleep deprived. The rest of the cohort may have experienced occasional inadequate sleep, but on average, their daily hours of sleep did not meet the criteria for sleep deprivation – the authors recognise this a limitation to their data. 

Hospitalisation records and cause of death registry information were used to diagnose various cardiac diseases including ischaemic heart disease (IHD), heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation (AF), and stroke. 

With a median follow-up of almost 14 years, participants in the group with the most compensatory sleep (quartile 4) were 19% less likely to develop heart disease than those with the least (quartile 1). In the subgroup of patients with daily sleep deprivation those with the most compensatory sleep had a 20% lower risk of developing heart disease than those with the least. The analysis did not show any differences between men and women. 

Co-author Mr Zechen Liu, also of State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, China, added: “Our results show that for the significant proportion of the population in modern society that suffers from sleep deprivation, those who have the most ‘catch-up’ sleep at weekends have significantly lower rates of heart disease than those with the least.”  

Source: European Society of Cardiology

Categories : Paediatrics Substance UseTags :

Less Sleep and Later Bedtime in Childhood Linked to Future Substance Use

On By ModernMedia
Photo by cottonbro on Pexels

A good night’s sleep is essential for children’s health and development, but childhood sleep patterns may also be linked to future substance use. A new study, led by a team of Penn State researchers, found that adolescents were more likely to have consumed alcohol or tried marijuana by age 15 if they went to bed later and slept fewer hours during childhood and adolescence. The team published their findings in Annals of Epidemiology.

“The study suggests that there might be some critical ages when sleep can be a target for intervention,” said Anne-Marie Chang, associate professor of biobehavioural health at Penn State and senior author of the paper. “If we improve sleep in the school-age population, not only could that show improvements in sleep health but in other aspects like the decision to engage in risky behaviours like alcohol and other substance use.”

The research team explored childhood sleep at different developmental stages within the same sample of children to see if there’s an impact on later substance use, which few studies have investigated. They focused on two different facets of sleep health – total duration of sleep and time of sleep or bedtime. The researchers explained that if children, especially school-aged children, go to bed later, it could affect their ability to sleep well.

“Sleep is multifaceted. It’s important for children because it helps with growth and development. The brain is more plastic during younger ages and you want healthy sleep to support neural development,” said David Reichenberger, co-lead author and who earned his doctoral degree in biobehavioural health at Penn State during the time of the research. “Poor sleep health could have downstream effects on their physical health as well as decision making, which could in turn be related to their decision to engage in substance use.”

The study drew on data from 1514 children in the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a diverse longitudinal birth cohort of children from 20 cities across the United States. Parents reported their child’s regular weekday bedtime at ages three, five and nine. They also reported their child’s sleep duration at ages five and nine.

When the research team evaluated the relationship between childhood bedtime and sleep duration with future alcohol and marijuana use as teens, they found a longitudinal association. Teens were 45% more likely to try alcohol by age 15 if they had a later bedtime at age nine when compared to other children with earlier bedtimes at age nine. However, bedtime at age five wasn’t associated with future alcohol use, nor was sleep duration at ages five or nine. When it came to marijuana use, later bedtime at age five was associated with 26% increased odds of trying marijuana by age 15, while sleeping an hour less at age nine was associated with 19% increased odds of trying marijuana by age 15.

The research team also examined data from adolescents at age 15, who self-reported their bedtime, sleep duration and alcohol and marijuana use. They found that teens with a later bedtime had a 39% greater chance of drinking alcohol and a 34% greater chance of trying marijuana. Sleeping one hour less was associated with 28% increased odds of ever trying alcohol but wasn’t associated with marijuana use.

“Sleep at ages closer to adolescence is the most crucial in terms of future substance use risk. It’s that stage of development when children are rapidly changing and their brain is maturing,” Reichenberger said, noting that previous research by other groups suggests that shorter sleep duration and later bedtimes may increase impulsivity and impair decision making, which could influence substance use choices.

The findings highlight the critical role of sleep across multiple aspects of long-term health and wellbeing, researchers said. For school-age children, creating an environment that’s conducive for sleep and establishing an age-appropriate bedtime are key elements for cultivating good sleep.

“Exploring the connection between sleep and substance use is a critical area of research because we continue to struggle with an epidemic of opioid addiction and substance use,” Chang said. “It’s an important area to continue to research and to disseminate our research findings to the broader population, families and health care professionals.”

Source: University of Pennsylvania