Tag: innate immune response

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Study Reveals a Possible Secret to Viral Infection Resistance in Humans

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Colourised scanning electron microscope image of a natural killer cell. Credit: National Institutes of Health

Studying resistance to viral infections in humans is difficult because it’s virtually impossible to disentangle resisting being infected from simply not being exposed. By studying women who were accidentally exposed to hepatitis C (HCV) over 40 years ago, scientists in Ireland have uncovered a secret that may explain why some people are able to resist viral infections.

The extraordinary work, published in Cell Reports Medicine, has wide-ranging implications from improving our fundamental understanding of viral resistance to the potential design of therapies to treat infected people.

From 1977–79, several thousand women in Ireland were exposed to the hepatitis C virus through contaminated anti-D, a medication made using plasma from donated blood and given to Rhesus negative women who are pregnant with a Rhesus positive foetus. The medication prevents the development of antibodies that could be dangerous in subsequent pregnancies. Some of the anti-D used during the 1977–79 period was contaminated with hepatitis C.

Infected women fell into three groups: those who were chronically infected; those who cleared the infection with an antibody response; and those who appeared protected against infection but yet produced no antibodies against hepatitis C.

“We hypothesised that women who seemed to resist HCV infection must have an enhanced innate immune response, which is the ancient part of the immune system that acts as a first line of defence,” said senior author Cliona O’Farrelly, Professor of Comparative Immunology in Trinity’s School of Biochemistry and Immunology.

“To test this we needed to make contact with women exposed to the virus over forty years ago and ask them to help us by allowing us to study their immune systems to hunt for scientific clues that would explain their differing responses.

“After a nationwide campaign over 100 women came forward and we have gained some unique and important insights. That so many women – many of whom have lived with medical complications for a long time – were willing to help is testament to how much people want to engage with science and help pursue research with the potential to make genuine, positive impacts on society. We are deeply grateful to them.”

The scientists ultimately recruited almost 40 women from the resistant group, alongside 90 women who were previously infected.

In collaboration with the Institut Pasteur in Paris they then invited almost 20 women in each group to donate a blood sample that they stimulated with molecules that mimic viral infection and lead to activation of the innate immune system.

“By comparing the response of the resistant women to those who became infected, we found that resistant donors had an enhanced type I interferon response after stimulation,” said first author Jamie Sugrue, PhD Candidate. Type I interferons are a key family of antiviral immune mediators that play an important role in defence against viruses including hepatitis C and SARS-CoV-2, or COVID.

“We think that the increased type I interferon production by our resistant donors, seen now almost 40 years after the original exposure to hepatitis C, is what protected them against infection.

“These findings are important as resistance to infection is very much an overlooked outcome following viral outbreak, primarily because identifying resistant individuals is very difficult – since they do not become sick after viral exposure, they wouldn’t necessarily know that they were exposed. That’s why cohorts like this, though tragic in nature, are so valuable – they provide a unique opportunity to study the response to viral infections in an otherwise healthy population.”

The lab’s efforts are now focused on leveraging these biological findings to unpick the genetics of viral resistance in the HCV donors. Their work on HCV resistance has already helped ignite international interest in resistance to other viral infections such as SARS-CoV-2.

The O’Farrelly lab has expanded its search for virus-resistant individuals by joining in the COVID human genetic effort and by recruiting members of the public who have been heavily exposed to SARS-CoV-2 but never developed an infection.

Source: Trinity College Dublin

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US Army Scientists Develop Novel Anthrax Treatment

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Capsule removal from Bacillus anthracis by treatment with Capsule Depolymerase (capsule shown in red). Credit: Photomicrograph by Wilson J. Ribot, USAMRIID

By modifying an enzyme produced by the bacterium that causes anthrax, US Army scientists were able to protect mice from infection with the deadly disease. 

Their findings, published in Science Translational Medicine, suggest a potential therapeutic strategy for treating multidrug-resistant strains of anthrax, and could aid in the development of new treatments for other bacterial infections.

Bacillus anthracis, the bacterium that causes anthrax, is one of the most significant bioterrorism threats, as well as a public health challenge in many places around the world. Its disease-causing capability arised from three main components – lethal toxin, oedema toxin, and the capsule. Researchers in this study developed a method to degrade the capsule surrounding the bacterium, allowing it to be ingested and destroyed by white blood cells, reducing virulence.

There is increasing concern about strains of anthrax that appear to be resistant to treatment with known antibiotics, said Arthur M. Friedlander, MD, the paper’s senior author. He and his team explored alternative treatment approaches that do not rely on the use of antibiotic drugs.

One promising avenue is to make the bacterium more susceptible to the innate immune system. Enzymes known as capsular depolymerases, which are naturally produced by several classes of bacteria, have emerged as a potential new line of antivirulence agents.

“Identification of the capsule depolymerase enzyme within the anthrax bacillus led us to attempt to use that enzyme to remove the capsule,” said Friedlander. “When this proved successful, we utilised recombinant DNA technology and protein engineering methods to engineer and reconfigure the enzyme in new ways.”

Those “engineering changes” included enhancing stability and making production easier, and pegylation, to improve pharmacokinetics. The team then tested the pegylated enzyme, known as PEG-CapD-CPS334C, to be sure it had retained its enzymatic activity.

In the study, 10 out of 10 mice infected with anthrax spores from a nontoxigenic encapsulated strain were completely protected after treatment with PEG-CapD-CPS334C, compared to only 1 of 10 control mice surviving. Similarly, treatment of mice infected with a fully virulent encapsulated strain using PEG-CapD-CPS334C protected 8 of 10, while only 2 of 10 controls survived.

“This strategy renders B. anthracis susceptible to the innate immune responses and does not rely on antibiotics,” the authors concluded. “These findings suggest that enzyme-catalysed removal of the capsule may be a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of multidrug-resistant anthrax and other bacterial infections.”

It could also allow the treatment of soldiers exposed to anthrax through natural means or enemy attacks.

Source: EurekAlert!