Tag: colourblindness

Categories : AgeingTags :

Study Finds that Perception of Colour Fades with Age

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Photo by Mari Lezhava on Unsplash

There is a difference between how the brains of healthy older adults perceive colour compared to younger adults, finds a new study led by UCL researchers.

The research, published in Scientific Reports, compared how the pupils of younger and older people reacted to different aspects of colour in the environment.

The team recruited 17 healthy young adults with an average age of 27.7, and 20 healthy older adults with an average age of 64.4.

Participants were placed in a blackout room and shown 26 different colours for five seconds each, while the researchers measured the diameter of their pupils.

Pupils constrict in response to increases in colour lightness and chroma (colourfulness).

The colours shown included dark, muted, saturated and light shades of magenta, blue, green, yellow and red, alongside two shades of orange and four greyscale colours.

Using a highly sensitive eye tracking camera*, which recorded the pupil diameter at 1000 times per second, the team found that the pupils of healthy older people constricted less in response to colour chroma compared with young adults. This was particularly marked for green and magenta hues.

However, both younger and older adults had similar responses to the ‘lightness’ of a colour shade.

The study is the first to use pupillometry to show that as we grow older, our brains become less sensitive to the intensity of colours in the world around us.

The findings of the study also complement previous behavioural research that showed that older adults perceive surface colours to be less colourful than young adults.

Lead author, Dr Janneke van Leeuwen (UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology), said: “This work brings into question the long-held belief among scientists that colour perception remains relatively constant across the lifespan, and suggests instead that colours slowly fade as we age. Our findings might also help explain why our colour preferences may alter as we age – and why at least some older people may prefer to dress in bold colours.”

The researchers believe that as we get older there is a decline in the body’s sensitivity to the saturation levels of colours within the primary visual cortex – the part of the brain that receives, integrates, and processes visual information relayed from the retinas.

Previous research also showed this to be a feature of a rare form of dementia called posterior cortical atrophy (PCA), where noticeable difficulties and abnormalities in colour perception could be due to a significant decline in the brain’s sensitivity to certain colour tones (specifically green and magenta) in the primary visual cortex and it’s connected networks.

Co-corresponding author, Professor Jason Warren (UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology), said: “Our findings could have wide implications for how we adapt fashion, décor and other colour ‘spaces’ for older people, and potentially even for our understanding of diseases of the ageing brain, such as dementia. People with dementia can show changes in colour preferences and other symptoms relating to the visual brain – to interpret these correctly, we first need to gauge the effects of healthy ageing on colour perception. Further research is therefore needed to delineate the functional neuroanatomy of our findings, as higher cortical areas might also be involved.”

Source: University College London

Categories : Genetics NeurologyTags : Leave a comment

Gene Therapy Partially Restores Cone Function in Achromatopsia

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Eye
Source: Daniil Kuzelev on Unsplash

University of College London researchers have used gene therapy to partially restore the function of cone receptors in two children with achromatopsia, a rare genetic disorder which can cause partial or complete colourblindness.

The findings, published in Brain, suggest that treatment activates previously dormant communication links between the retina and the brain, thanks to the developing adolescent brain’s plastic nature.

The academically-led study has been running alongside a phase 1/2 clinical trial in children with achromatopsia, using a new way to test whether the treatment is changing the neural pathways specific to the cones.

Achromatopsia is caused by disease-causing variants to one of a few genes. As it affect the cones in the retina, are responsible for colour vision, people with achromatopsia are completely colourblind, while they also have very poor vision and photophobia. Their cone cells do not send signals to the brain, but many remain present, so researchers have been seeking to activate the dormant cells.

Lead author Dr Tessa Dekker said: “Our study is the first to directly confirm widespread speculation that gene therapy offered to children and adolescents can successfully activate the dormant cone photoreceptor pathways and evoke visual signals never previously experienced by these patients.

“We are demonstrating the potential of leveraging the plasticity of our brains, which may be particularly able to adapt to treatment effects when people are young.”

The study involved four young people with achromatopsia aged 10 to 15 years old.

The two trials, which each target a different gene implicated in achromatopsia, are testing gene therapies with the primary aim of establishing that the treatment is safe, while also testing for improved vision. Their results have not yet been fully compiled so the overall effectiveness of the treatments remains to be determined.

The accompanying academic study used a novel functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) mapping approach to separate emerging post-treatment cone signals from existing rod-driven signals in patients, allowing the researchers to pinpoint any changes in visual function, after treatment, directly to the targeted cone photoreceptor system. They employed a ‘silent substitution’ technique using pairs of lights to selectively stimulate cones or rods. The researchers also had to adapt their methods to accommodate eye movements due to nystagmus, another symptom of achromatopsia. The results were compared to tests involving nine untreated patients and 28 volunteers with normal vision.

Each of the four children was treated with gene therapy in one eye, enabling doctors to compare the treatment’s effectiveness with the untreated eye.

For two of the four children, there was strong evidence for cone-mediated signals in the brain’s visual cortex coming from the treated eye, six to 14 months after treatment. Before the treatment, the patients showed no evidence of cone function on any tests. After treatment, their measures closely resembled those from normal sighted study participants.

The study participants also completed a test to distinguish between different levels of contrast. This showed there was a difference in cone-supported vision in the treated eyes in the same two children.

The researchers say they cannot confirm whether the treatment was ineffective in the other two study participants, or if there may have been treatment effects that were not picked up by the tests they used, or if effects are delayed.

Co-lead author Dr Michel Michaelides (UCL Institute of Ophthalmology and Moorfields Eye Hospital), who is also co-investigator on both clinical trials, said: “In our trials, we are testing whether providing gene therapy early in life may be most effective while the neural circuits are still developing. Our findings demonstrate unprecedented neural plasticity, offering hope that treatments could enable visual functions using signalling pathways that have been dormant for years.

“We are still analysing the results from our two clinical trials, to see whether this gene therapy can effectively improve everyday vision for people with achromatopsia. We hope that with positive results, and with further clinical trials, we could greatly improve the sight of people with inherited retinal diseases.”

Dr Dekker added: “We believe that incorporating these new tests into future clinical trials could accelerate the testing of ocular gene therapies for a range of conditions, by offering unparalleled sensitivity to treatment effects on neural processing, while also providing new and detailed insight into when and why these therapies work best.”

One of the study participants commented: “Seeing changes to my vision has been very exciting, so I’m keen to see if there are any more changes and where this treatment as a whole might lead in the future.

“It’s actually quite difficult to imagine what or just how many impacts a big improvement in my vision could have, since I’ve grown up with and become accustomed to low vision, and have adapted and overcome challenges (with a lot of support from those around me) throughout my life.”

Source: University College London