Tag: 29/9/23

Categories : Implants and Prostheses Medical Research & TechnologyTags : Leave a comment

Mastering a Third Robotic Arm is Surprisingly Quick

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Interfaces for DoF augmentation (figure by Tobias Pistohl). From Eden at al., Nature Communications. 2022

Busy doctors and nurses may have often found themselves wishing they had an extra arm to help with a patient or help with a difficult suture. Researchers around the world are developing supernumerary robotic arms to help workers achieve certain tasks unaided, or with less strain – but how long would it take to master learning an additional limb? The answer is: not long at all. One hour’s worth of training is enough for people to carry out a task with their ‘third arm’ as effectively as with a partner, according to the results of a new study published in IEEE Open Journal of Engineering in Medicine and Biology.

A new study by researchers at Queen Mary University of London, Imperial College London and The University of Melbourne has found that people can learn to use supernumerary robotic arms as effectively as working with a partner in just one hour of training.

The study investigated the potential of supernumerary robotic arms to help people perform tasks that require more than two hands. The idea of human augmentation with additional artificial limbs has long been a staple of science fiction.

Demonstrating performing a suture with an assistant robotic arm.

“Many tasks in daily life, such as opening a door while carrying a big package, require more than two hands,” said Dr Ekaterina Ivanova, lead author of the study from Queen Mary University of London. “Supernumerary robotic arms have been proposed as a way to allow people to do these tasks more easily, but until now, it was not clear how easy they would be to use.”

The study involved 24 participants who were asked to perform a variety of tasks with a supernumerary robotic arm. The participants were either given one hour of training in how to use the arm, or they were asked to work with a partner.

The results showed that the participants who had received training on the supernumerary arm performed the tasks just as well as the participants who were working with a partner. This suggests that supernumerary robotic arms can be a viable alternative to working with a partner, and that they can be learned to use effectively in a relatively short amount of time.

“Our findings are promising for the development of supernumerary robotic arms,” said Dr Ivanova. “They suggest that these arms could be used to help people with a variety of tasks, such as surgery, industrial work, or rehabilitation.”

Source: Queen Mary University of London

Categories : Pain ManagementTags : Leave a comment

Chronic Back Pain may be Easier to Treat if it’s ‘in the Brain’

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Photo by Sasun Bughdaryan on Unsplash

One therapy for chronic back pain is to teach patients how to ‘reprocess’ it in the brain. Now, this therapy may become even more effective thanks a study published in JAMA Network Open. The study examined the critical connection between the brain and pain for treating chronic pain. Specifically, they looked at the importance of pain attributions, which are people’s beliefs about the underlying causes of their pain, to reduce chronic back pain severity. Understanding the source of the pain may help some to avoid surgery which may be ineffective or even worsen the pain.

“Millions of people are experiencing chronic pain and many haven’t found ways to help with the pain, making it clear that something is missing in the way we’re diagnosing and treating people,” said the study’s first author Yoni Ashar, PhD, assistant professor of internal medicine at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus.

Pain is often in the brain

Ashar and his team tested whether the reattribution of pain to mind or brain processes was associated with pain relief in pain reprocessing therapy (PRT), which teaches people to perceive pain signals sent to the brain as less threatening. Their goal was to better understand how people recovered from chronic back pain. The study revealed after PRT, patients reported reduced back pain intensity.

“Our study shows that discussing pain attributions with patients and helping them understand that pain is often ‘in the brain’ can help reduce it,” Ashar said.

To study the effects of pain attributions, they enrolled over 150 adults experiencing moderately severe chronic back pain in a randomised trial to receive PRT. They found that two-thirds of people treated with PRT reported being pain-free or nearly so after treatment, compared to only 20% of placebo controls.

“This study is critically important because patients’ pain attributions are often inaccurate. We found that very few people believed their brains had anything to do with their pain. This can be unhelpful and hurtful when it comes to planning for recovery since pain attributions guide major treatment decisions, such as whether to get surgery or psychological treatment,” said Ashar.

Before PRT treatment, only 10% of participants’ attributions of PRT treatment were mind- or brain-related. However, after PRT, this increased to 51%. The study revealed that the more participants shifted to viewing their pain as due to mind or brain processes, the greater the reduction in chronic back pain intensity they reported.

The role of discussing brain drivers of chronic pain 

“These results show that shifting perspectives about the brain’s role in chronic pain can allow patients to experience better results and outcomes,” Ashar adds.

Ashar says that one reason for this may be that when patients understand their pain as due to brain processes, they learn that there is nothing wrong with their body and that the pain is a ‘false alarm’ being generated by the brain that they don’t need to be afraid of.

The researchers hope this study will encourage providers to talk to their patients about the reasons behind their pain and discuss causes outside of biomedical ones.

“Often, discussions with patients focus on biomedical causes of pain. The role of the brain is rarely discussed,” said Ashar. “With this research, we want to provide patients as much relief as possible by exploring different treatments, including ones that address the brain drivers of chronic pain.”

Source: University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus

Categories : CancerTags : Leave a comment

High Rates of Hyperglycaemia with Alpelisib Treatment for Breast Cancer

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Photo by National Cancer Institute on Unsplash

New research has uncovered high rates of hyperglycaemia among breast cancer patients being treated with the oral medication alpelisib. The researchers say that patients receiving this medication should have their blood sugar levels monitored and managed well before treatment with alpelisib. The results are published by Wiley online in CANCER, a peer-reviewed journal of the American Cancer Society.

Alpelisib targets the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) protein that is involved in cell growth and when mutated can fuel cancer. In 2019, the US Food and Drug Administration approved the use of this drug in combination with fulvestrant, an oestrogen receptor blocker, for certain cases of metastatic breast cancer that have mutations in the gene that codes for a PI3K subunit.

Unfortunately, targeting PI3K can lead to hyperglycaemia as a side effect which, if severe, can result in dehydration or kidney damage and can require hospitalisation. Sherry Shen, MD, of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, and her colleagues set out to describe the incidence, risk factors, and treatment patterns of alpelisib-associated hyperglycaemia in patients with metastatic breast cancer treated in a clinical trial or as standard care at their institution.

Among 147 patients treated with alpelisib as standard care, the rate of hyperglycaemia was 80.3%, and the rate of serious hyperglycaemia was 40.2%. Among 100 patients who were treated during a clinical trial, rates were lower (34.0% any grade and 13.0% serious hyperglycaemia). The median time to onset of hyperglycaemia after initiating alpelisib was 16 days. An initially elevated haemoglobin A1c, an indicator of high blood sugar such as in prediabetes or diabetes, was a risk factor for later developing hyperglycaemia.

Among patients who developed hyperglycemia, 66.4% received treatment, most commonly with the diabetes drug metformin.

“If a patient is identified to have a PI3KCA mutation and thus eligible for treatment with alpelisib, we should be checking haemoglobin A1c level and partnering with the patient’s primary care physician and/or endocrinologist to optimise their blood sugar levels,” said Dr Shen. “This needs to be done months before initiating alpelisib, because once alpelisib is started, hyperglycaemia usually develops within the first two weeks of treatment. Being pre-emptive about improving glycaemic status and treating prediabetes/diabetes will hopefully lower the patient’s risk of developing hyperglycaemia and thus, lower their risk of needing to discontinue a drug that could be effective for their cancer.”

Senior author Neil M. Iyengar, MD noted that optimising a patient’s blood sugar levels often involves changes to dietary and exercise patterns, and potentially introducing certain medications. “Improving metabolic risk factors through lifestyle interventions may also improve dose delivery of alpelisib, and ongoing clinical trials by our group and other groups are testing whether metabolic interventions such as the ketogenic diet or newer medications used to treat diabetes could also improve the treatment efficacy of cancer therapies that target the PI3K pathway,” he said.

Source: Wiley

Categories : Paediatrics Surgeries & ProceduresTags : Leave a comment

Early Cleft Palate Surgery Yields Better Speech Results

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Photo by William Fortunato on Pexels

According to a new international study published in the New England Journal of Medicine, cleft palate surgery at the age of six months provides better conditions for speech and language development compared to surgery at 12 months.

Isolated cleft palate is a congenital condition where the palate is not closed and there is an opening between the mouth and the nose. The condition occurs in 1 to 25 per 10 000 births worldwide.

“There has previously been limited evidence for the optimal age for cleft palate surgery in children to achieve the best results”, says Anette Lohmander, professor emeritus at at Karolinska Institutet and principal investigator for the Stockholm centre in the study.

The study, by researchers from Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, among others, involved 558 children from 23 different centres around Europe and South America. Of these, 235 children were randomly assigned to a group to undergo surgery at six months of age and 226 children were randomly assigned to undergo surgery at twelve months of age.

Speech-language therapists/pathologists performed standardised audio-video recordings at one, three and five years of age. The researchers then evaluated the children’s babbling, velopharyngeal function, and speech.

At age five, the researchers found insufficient velopharyngeal function in 21 children (8.9%) who had surgery at six months of age compared with 34 children (15%) who had surgery at age 12 months.

Complications resulting from surgery were rare in both groups. Four serious adverse events were reported but were resolved on follow-up.

The conclusion of the study was that velopharyngeal function for speech at five years was better in the children who had undergone surgery at six months of age than in those who had undergone surgery at 12 months of age. Risks associated with earlier repair may include maxillary arch constriction and the need for secondary surgery for velopharyngeal insufficiency.

“An additional advantage of the early surgery age was a higher incidence of canonical syllables. It is a milestone in children’s language development and is established in typically developed children by the age of ten months at the latest,” says Anette Lohmander, who continues. “The children included in the study had no developmental delay or other deviant conditions. The conclusion is that when it is possible to operate on the cleft palate early, it seems to provide the best conditions for speech and language development.”

Source: Karolinska Institutet

Categories : Cardiovascular Disease COVIDTags : Leave a comment

Study Explains a Link between COVID and Increased Cardiovascular Risk

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Source: Wikimedia CC0

A study published in the journal Nature Cardiovascular Research shows that SARS-CoV-2 can directly infect the arteries of the heart and cause the fatty plaque inside arteries to become highly inflamed, increasing the risk of heart attack and stroke. The findings may help explain why certain people who get COVID have a greater chance of developing cardiovascular disease, or if they already have it, develop more heart-related complications.

In the National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded study, researchers focused on older people with atherosclerotic plaque, who died from COVID. However, because the researchers found the virus infects and replicates in the arteries no matter the levels of plaque, the findings could have broader implications for anybody who gets COVID.

“Since the early days of the pandemic, we have known that people who had COVID have an increased risk for cardiovascular disease or stroke up to one year after infection,” said Michelle Olive, PhD, acting associate director of the Basic and Early Translational Research Program at the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), part of NIH. “We believe we have uncovered one of the reasons why.”

Though previous studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 can directly infect tissues such as the brain and lungs, less was known about its effect on the coronary arteries. Researchers knew that after the virus reaches the cells, the body’s immune system sends in macrophages to help clear the virus. In the arteries, macrophages also help remove cholesterol, and when they become overloaded with cholesterol, they morph into a specialised type of cell called foam cells.

The researchers thought that if SARS-CoV-2 could directly infect arterial cells, the macrophages that normally are turned loose might increase inflammation in the existing plaque, explained Chiara Giannarelli, MD, PhD, associate professor in the departments of medicine and pathology at New York University’s Grossman School of Medicine and senior author on the study. To test their theory, Giannarelli and her team took tissue from the coronary arteries and plaque of people who had died from COVID and confirmed the virus was in those tissues. Then they took arterial and plaque cells – including macrophages and foam cells – from healthy patients and infected them with SARS-CoV-2 in a lab dish. They found that the virus had also infected those cells and tissues.

Additionally, the researchers found that when they compared the infection rates of SARS-CoV-2, they showed that the virus infects macrophages at a higher rate than other arterial cells. Cholesterol-laden foam cells were the most susceptible to infection and unable to readily clear the virus. This suggested that foam cells might act as a reservoir of SARS-CoV-2 in the atherosclerotic plaque. Having more build-up of plaque, and thus a greater number of foam cells, could increase the severity or persistence of COVID.

The researchers then looked at the predicted inflammation in the plaque after infecting it with the virus. They observed the release of inflammatory cytokines, also known to promote the formation of even more plaque. The cytokines were released by infected macrophages and foam cells. The researchers said this may help explain why people who have underlying plaque buildup and then get COVID may have cardiovascular complications long after getting the infection.  

“This study is incredibly important as it adds to the larger body of work to better understand COVID,” said Olive. “This is just one more study that demonstrates how the virus both infects and causes inflammation in many cells and tissues throughout the body. Ultimately, this is information that will inform future research on both acute and Long COVID.”

Though the findings conclusively show that SARS-CoV-2 can infect and replicate in the macrophages of plaques and arterial cells, they are only relevant to the original strains of SARS-CoV-2 that circulated in New York City between May 2020 and May 2021. The study was conducted in a small cohort of older individuals, all of whom had atherosclerosis and other medical conditions; therefore, the results cannot be generalised to younger, healthy individuals.

Source: National Institutes of Health