Tag: 27/2/23

Categories : Healthcare Politics and Regulations Metabolic DisordersTags :

Budget: Decision Not to Raise the Sugar Tax ‘Puts Profits Ahead of People’ Say Activists

On By ModernMedia
The flash mob by HEALA featured a choreographed dance in which learners pretended to refuse sugary drinks. Photo: Ashraf Hendricks

By Daniel Steyn for GroundUp

Health activists demonstrating in Cape Town for a rise in the tax on sugary drinks were disappointed by Finance Minister Enoch Godongwana’s announcement in his Budget speech that the tax would be frozen for two years. Godongwana said this was “due to the difficult operating environment for the sugar industry from the impact of flooding and social unrest.”

The tax on sugary drinks was first introduced in 2018 to reduce consumption. The tax is imposed on drinks with more than 4g of sugar per 100ml. Research from the University of the Witwatersrand in 2021 showed that it has been effective in reducing the consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks.

HEALA, a coalition of organisations focused on nutrition, organised a flash mob in the Cape Town city centre ahead of the Finance Minister’s Budget Speech on Wednesday, advocating for an increase in the sugary drinks tax. They want the tax to be increased from 11% to 20%, following the guidance of the World Health Organisation.

The flash mob was part of HEALA’s “Less Sugar, More Life” campaign, and featured school pupils from Cape Town in a dance.

“We don’t even notice how much sugar we are drinking in sugary drinks and it’s harmful to our health. I want other young people to know that it’s dangerous,” said one of the dancers, Enkosi Stofile.

“The announcement by the Finance Minister, coupled with ineffective increases on other health taxes such as alcohol and tobacco, is a direct attack on the lives of millions of people at risk of serious health conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer,” said Nzama Mbalati, HEALA’s Programmes Manager.

Mbalati said there was no rationale for the decision to maintain the rate of tax on sugary drinks. “This decision is not in the interest of ordinary people. Instead, it puts profits ahead of people.”

About 10 000 new cases of diabetes are reported in South Africa each month, according to the International Diabetes Federation. Up to 70% of women and 39% of men are obese or overweight. Sugar is a cause of obesity and tooth decay, and is linked to a range of other non-communicable diseases. The national budget for 2023, tabled by Godongwana in parliament today, includes a R200-million reduction in health spending this year.

Before the budget speech, News24 reported that the South African Sugar Association said 6000 jobs could be lost if the tax was increased. SASA also said 9,000 jobs had already been lost since the levy was introduced.

However, in the aftermath of a fraud scandal at Tongaat Hulett, South Africa’s largest sugar producer, in 2018, 5,000 workers were served with retrenchment letters.

Disclosure: Community Media Trust does work for HEALA. GroundUp was once a project of Community Media Trust and still has a close relationship with Community Media Trust.

Republished from GroundUp under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Source: GroundUp

Categories : Mental HealthTags :

Exercise for Managing Depression has Greater Efficacy than Meds or Counselling

On By ModernMedia
Photo by Ketut Subiyanto on Pexels

University of South Australia researchers are calling for exercise to be a mainstay approach for managing depression as a new study shows that physical activity is 1.5 times more effective than counselling or the leading medications.

Published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine, the review is the most comprehensive to date, encompassing 97 reviews, 1039 trials and 128 119 participants. It shows that physical activity is extremely beneficial for improving symptoms of depression, anxiety, and distress.

Specifically, the review showed that exercise interventions that were 12 weeks or shorter were the most effective at reducing mental health symptoms, highlighting the speed at which physical activity can make a change.

The largest benefits were seen among people with depression, pregnant and postpartum women, healthy individuals, and people diagnosed with HIV or kidney disease.

According to the World Health Organization, one in every eight people worldwide (970 million people) live with a mental disorder. 

Lead UniSA researcher, Dr Ben Singh, says physical activity must be prioritised to better manage the growing cases of mental health conditions.

“Physical activity is known to help improve mental health. Yet despite the evidence, it has not been widely adopted as a first-choice treatment,” Dr Singh says.

“Our review shows that physical activity interventions can significantly reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety in all clinical populations, with some groups showing even greater signs of improvement.

“Higher intensity exercise had greater improvements for depression and anxiety, while longer durations had smaller effects when compared to short and mid-duration bursts.

“We also found that all types of physical activity and exercise were beneficial, including aerobic exercise such as walking, resistance training, Pilates, and yoga.

“Importantly, the research shows that it doesn’t take much for exercise to make a positive change to your mental health.”

Senior researcher, UniSA’s Prof Carol Maher, says the study is the first to evaluate the effects of all types of physical activity on depression, anxiety, and psychological distress in all adult populations.

“Examining these studies as a whole is an effective way for clinicians to easily understand the body of evidence that supports physical activity in managing mental health disorders.

“We hope this review will underscore the need for physical activity, including structured exercise interventions, as a mainstay approach for managing depression and anxiety.”

Source: University of South Australia

Categories : Gender NeurologyTags :

Lower Oestrogen Levels may Explain Migraine Increase During Menstruation

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Woman feeling dizzy and kneeling
Photo by RODNAE Productions from Pexels

New research published in Neurology may explain why migraine attacks are more common during menstruation. The researchers found that, as oestrogen levels fluctuate, for female migraine sufferers, levels of the protein calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) that plays a key role in starting the migraine process also fluctuate.

“This elevated level of CGRP following hormonal fluctuations could help to explain why migraine attacks are more likely during menstruation and why migraine attacks gradually decline after menopause,” said study author Bianca Raffaelli, MD, of Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin. “These results need to be confirmed with larger studies, but we’re hopeful that they will help us better understand the migraine process.”

The matched cohort study involved three groups of female participants with episodic migraine, all with least three days with migraine in the month before the study. The groups were those with a regular menstrual cycle, those taking oral contraceptives, and those who had gone through menopause. Each group had 30 people, for a total of 180, and were age-matched to women without migraine history.

Researchers collected blood and tear fluid to determine CGRP levels. In those with regular menstrual cycles, the samples were taken during menstruation when oestrogen levels are low and around the time of ovulation, when levels are the highest. In those taking oral contraceptives, samples were taken during the hormone-free time and the hormone-intake time. Samples were taken once from postmenopausal participants at a random time.

The study found that female participants with migraine and a regular menstrual cycle had higher CGRP concentrations during menstruation than those without migraine. Those with migraine had blood levels of 5.95 picograms per millilitre (pg/ml) compared to 4.61pg/ml for those without migraine. For tear fluid, those with migraine had 1.20ng/ml compared to 0.4ng/ml for those without migraine.

In contrast, those taking oral contraceptives or were postmenopausal had similar CGRP levels in the migraine and non-migraine groups.

“The study also suggests that measuring CGRP levels through tear fluid is feasible and warrants further investigation, as accurate measurement in the blood is challenging due to its very short half-life,” Raffaelli said. “This method is still exploratory, but it is non-invasive.”

Raffaelli noted that while hormone levels were taken around the time of ovulation, they may not have been taken exactly on the day of ovulation, so the fluctuations in oestrogen levels may not be fully reflected.

Source: American Academy of Neurology

Categories : Cardiovascular Disease Lab Tests and ImagingTags :

Sex Differences in Brain Glycogen After a Stroke may Yield New Treatments

On By ModernMedia
Credit: American Heart Association

Although males and females are equally impacted by stroke, there are differences in recovery. Since oestrogen and progesterone have known neuroprotective effects, it is important to gauge their effects in stroke recovert. In a paper published in IBRO Neuroscience Reports, researchers have discovered differences between biomarkers such as glycogen levels in the brains of male and female mice.

“A stroke is caused by a loss of blood flow to brain cells. Without urgent intervention this may cause those cells to die because they constantly need energy and nutrients from the blood,” said Prof Nicole Sylvain, clinical research coordinator and lab manager at the University of Saskatchewan.

Sylvain and her colleagues are looking at treatments for post-stroke recovery that help supplement these energy losses. Using the Canadian Light Source (CLS) at the University of Saskatchewan (USask), the team was able to identify energy biomarkers in the brain, which could eventually inform clinicians about the effects of potential stroke treatments on brain recovery after a stroke.

The group’s recent study examined post-stroke differences between male and female mice, and found that female mice have higher amounts of glycogen in their brains. When the supply of glycogen is disrupted by stroke, the brain is severely impacted.

Most pre-clinical stroke research has been performed using male lab animals, with results usually generalised to both sexes. In clinical stoke cases, females have a higher incidence of ischaemic stroke and poorer outcomes, compared to males.

“We found that, for the most part, male data can be generalised for females, however, some of the metabolic markers we measured were actually different,” Sylvain said. “It’s really important to do the research on both sexes.”

It would be impossible for the team to detect the biomarkers without to the Mid-IR beamline.

“The only way to detect them in such an accurate way across the brain is with infrared imaging, so the CLS has been absolutely vital to our research.”

Source: University of Saskatchewan

Categories : Immune SystemTags :

Skipping Breakfast may Weaken Immune Cells

On By ModernMedia
Photo by Malvestida on Unsplash

Fasting may be detrimental to fighting off infection, and could lead to an increased risk of heart disease, suggests a new study published in Immunity. The research in mouse models, shows that skipping meals triggers a response in the brain that negatively affects immune cells. The results could lead to a better understanding of how chronic fasting may affect the body long term.

“There is a growing awareness that fasting is healthy, and there is indeed abundant evidence for the benefits of fasting. Our study provides a word of caution as it suggests that there may also be a cost to fasting that carries a health risk,” says lead author Filip Swirski, PhD, Director of the Cardiovascular Research Institute at Icahn Mount Sinai. “This is a mechanistic study delving into some of the fundamental biology relevant to fasting. The study shows that there is a conversation between the nervous and immune systems.”

As part of a larger study on different fasting times affect the immune systems, researchers focused on the role of breakfast. They fed one group of mice breakfast right after waking up (breakfast is their largest meal of the day), and the other group had no breakfast. Researchers collected blood samples in both groups when mice woke up (baseline), then four hours later, and eight hours later.

Analysing the blood work, researchers saw a difference in the number of monocytes, which are white blood cells that are made in the bone marrow and travel through the body, where they play many critical roles, from fighting infections, to heart disease, to cancer.

At baseline, all mice had the same amount of monocytes. But after four hours, monocytes in mice from the fasting group were dramatically affected. Researchers found that 90% of these cells disappeared from the bloodstream, and the number further declined at eight hours. Meanwhile monocytes in the non-fasting group were unaffected.

In fasting mice, researchers discovered the monocytes travelled back to the bone marrow to hibernate. At the same time, production of new cells in the bone marrow diminished. The normally short-lived monocytes in the bone marrow survived longer as a consequence of staying in the bone marrow, and aged differently than the monocytes that stayed in the blood.

The researchers continued to fast mice for up to 24 hours, and then reintroduced food. The cells hiding in the bone marrow surged back into the bloodstream within a few hours, provoking heightened level of inflammation. Instead of protecting against infection, these altered monocytes were more inflammatory, making the body less resistant to fighting infection.

Researchers found that specific regions in the brain controlled the monocyte response during fasting. This study demonstrated that fasting elicits a stress response in the brain (feeling ‘hangry’) and this instantly triggers a large-scale migration of these white blood cells from the blood to the bone marrow, and then back to the bloodstream shortly after food is reintroduced.

Dr Swirski emphasised that while there is also evidence of the metabolic benefits of fasting, this new study is a useful advance in the full understanding of the body’s mechanisms.

“The study shows that, on the one hand, fasting reduces the number of circulating monocytes, which one might think is a good thing, as these cells are important components of inflammation. On the other hand, reintroduction of food creates a surge of monocytes flooding back to the blood, which can be problematic. Fasting, therefore regulates this pool in ways that are not always beneficial to the body’s capacity to respond to a challenge such as an infection,” explains Dr Swirski. “Because these cells are so important to other diseases like heart disease or cancer, understanding how their function is controlled is critical.”

Source: The Mount Sinai Hospital / Mount Sinai School of Medicine

Categories : Metabolic DisordersTags :

Excess Weight is a Greater Mortality Risk than BMI Alone Suggests

On By ModernMedia
Photo by I Yunmai on Unsplash

Excess weight or obesity raises mortality risk by between 22% to 91%, a significantly higher rate than previously believed, while the mortality risk of being slightly underweight has likely been overestimated, according to new research published in the journal Population Studies.

The analysis of nearly 18 000 participants counters prevailing wisdom that excess weight boosts mortality risk only in extreme cases, and it also challenges the use of body mass index (BMI) to investigate health outcomes due to its inherent biases. After accounting for those biases, it estimates that about 1 in 6 deaths in the US are related to excess weight or obesity.

“Existing studies have likely underestimated the mortality consequences of living in a country where cheap, unhealthy food has grown increasingly accessible, and sedentary lifestyles have become the norm,” said author Ryan Masters, associate professor of sociology at CU Boulder. “This study and others are beginning to expose the true toll of this public health crisis.”

Challenging the obesity paradox

While numerous studies show that heart disease, high blood pressure and diabetes (which are often associated with being overweight) elevate mortality risk, very few have shown that groups with higher BMIs have higher mortality rates.

Instead, in what some call the “obesity paradox,” most studies show a U-shaped curve: Those in the “overweight” category (BMI 25–30) surprisingly have the lowest mortality risk. Those in the “obese” category (30–35) have little or no increased risk over the so-called “healthy” category (18.5–25). And both the “underweight” (< 18.5) and extremely obese (> 35) are at increased risk of death.

“The conventional wisdom is that elevated BMI generally does not raise mortality risk until you get to very high levels, and that there are actually some survival benefits to being overweight,” said Masters, a social demographer who has spent his career studying mortality trends. “I have been suspicious of these claims.”

He noted that BMI, which doctors and scientists often use as a health measure, is based on weight and height only and doesn’t account for differences in body composition or how long a person has been overweight.

“It’s a reflection of stature at a point in time. That’s it,” said Masters, noting that Tom Cruise (at 170cm and an extremely muscular 91kg at one point), had a BMI of 31.5, famously putting him in the category of “obese.” “It isn’t fully capturing all of the nuances and different sizes and shapes the body comes in.”

Taking these nuances, Masters accessed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) the from 1988 to 2015, analysing 17 784 people, including 4468 deaths.

He discovered that a full 20% of the sample characterised as “healthy” weight had been in the overweight or obese category in the decade prior. When set apart, this group had a substantially worse health profile than those in the category whose weight had been stable.

Masters pointed out that a lifetime carrying excess weight can lead to illnesses that, paradoxically, lead to rapid weight loss. If BMI data is captured during this time, it can skew study results.

“I would argue that we have been artificially inflating the mortality risk in the low-BMI category by including those who had been high BMI and had just lost weight recently,” he said.

Meanwhile, 37% of those characterised as overweight and 60% of those with obese BMI had been at lower BMIs in the decade prior. Notably, those who had only recently gained weight had better health profiles.

“The health and mortality consequences of high BMI are not like a light switch,” said Masters. “There’s an expanding body of work suggesting that the consequences are duration-dependent.”

By including people who had spent most of their life at low-BMI weight in the high-BMI categories, previous studies have inadvertently made high BMI look less risky than it is, he said.

When he looked at differences in fat distribution within BMI categories, he also found that variations made a huge difference in reported health outcomes.

Exposing a public health problem

Collectively, the findings confirm that studies have been “significantly affected” by BMI-related bias.

When re-crunching the numbers without these biases, he found not a U-shape but a straight upward line, with those with low BMI (18.5–22.5) having the lowest mortality risk.

Contrary to previous research, the study found no significant mortality risk increases for the “underweight” category.

Previous studies attributed 2 to 3% of UA adult deaths to high BMI, but his study estimates an eight times higher rate.

Masters said he hopes the research will alert scientists to be “extremely cautious” when making conclusions based on BMI. But he also hopes the work will draw attention to what he sees not as a problem for individuals alone to solve but rather a public health crisis fuelled by an unhealthy or “obesogenic” environment in the US.

“For groups born in the 1970s or 1980s who have lived their whole lives in this obesogenic environment, the prospects of healthy aging into older adulthood does not look good right now,” he said. “I hope this work can influence higher-level discussions about what we as a society can do about it.”

Source: University of Colorado at Boulder