Tag: 19/4/22

Categories : Diseases, Syndromes and ConditionsTags :

An Oral Drug for Sleep Apnoea

On By ModernMedia
Sleeping man
Photo by Mert Kahveci on Unsplash

A new study published in the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine has tested a sleep apnoea treatment using a drug that inhibits carbonic anhydrase – an enzyme that balances carbonic acid and carbon dioxide in the body. The treatment reduced breathing pauses by more than 20 per hour for patients given the drug.

Several drugs with carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitory properties are already available on the market, and used for treatment of glaucoma, epilepsy and other disorders.

Previous research has not systematically tested whether CA inhibitors also might be used to treat obstructive sleep apnoea. A total of 59 patients with moderate or severe sleep apnoea completed the four-week trial, and were randomised to two groups receiving either 400 or 200 mg of the CA inhibitor, and a control group that received placebo.

The results show that, overall, the treatment reduced the number of breathing pauses and promoted oxygenation during the night. A few patients experienced side effects, such as headache and breathlessness, which were more common in those receiving the highest dose.

The study results together with established safety data of the drug sulthiame provide support for continued research on CA inhibition as a new potential treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea.

“Among the patients who received the higher dosage of the drug, the number of breathing pauses decreased by approximately 20 per hour. For just over a third of patients in the study, only half of their breathing pauses were left, and in one in five the number fell by at least 60 percent,” said first authpr Professor Jan Hedner.

The fact that several approved drugs in the CA inhibitor category are available on the market makes fast-tracking development of an approved drug for sleep apnoea practicable. The drug used in this clinical trial was sulthiame, which is sometimes used to treat epilepsy in children.

Current treatment for a patient with sleep apnoea is either an oral appliance therapy or a CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure) mask. Both help to maintain airway patency during sleep.

“These therapy options take time to get used to and, since they frequently are perceived as intrusive or bulky. Insufficient user time is therefore common. If we develop an effective drug, it will therefore make life easier for many patients and, in the long run, potentially also save more lives,” said senior author Ludger Grote.

Source: University of Gothenburg

Categories : HospitalsTags :

Dozens of Healthcare Facilities Damaged in KZN Floods

On By ModernMedia
A destroyed house in eThekwini. Credit: Nokulunga Majola/GroundUp

The floods which have inundated KwaZulu-Natal this week and prompted the declaration of a national state of disaster, have damaged at least 58 healthcare facilities. So far, the floods have claimed the lives of 443 people, with 63 still missing.

Damage has been sustained to the roofs, floors and fencing of healthcare facilties, the KwaZulu-Natal health department said. Water shortages from infrastructure damage had forced some hospitals to divert patients elsewhere. Environmental health practitioners are monitoring clinical data for early identification of any waterborne diseases.

Health MEC Nomagugu Simelane said there had been an influx of patients due to the torrential rains.

“We can confirm that our hospitals and clinics have been seeing a higher number of trauma and emergency patients than usual, particularly in the densely populated districts,” she said.

Simelane thanked the courage and dedication of the province’s healthcare workers, noting that many had simply put in extra hours to compensate. Damage to infrastructure such as roads meant that some healthcare workers have had to sleep at the facilities, she noted. Other facilities will try and provide accommodation for them.

To cope with the strain on morgues, KZN Premier Sihle Zikalala said: “We have mobilised additional resources, including seven doctors, to ensure that post mortems are completed speedily, in order to avoid congestion and to enable those who are grieving to bury their loved ones. Our officials are constantly monitoring the situation and sending bodies to those facilities that do have space.”

“All the resources allocated for flood relief and the recovery and rebuilding process will be utilised in line with fiscal rectitude, accountability, transparency and openness. We want to emphasise the fact that, having learnt lessons of Covid-19, no amount of corruption, maladministration and fraud will be tolerated or associated with this province,” Premier Zikalala said.

Source: IOL

Categories : NeurologyTags :

How the Brain Blocks out Unwanted Memories

On By ModernMedia
Bald man
Photo by Brett Sayles on Pexels

In order to prevent the mind becoming flooded with unwanted memories, a brain region determines when a person is about to think of an unwanted memory and then signals other regions to suppress it. The discovery was recently published in JNeurosci.

Preventing unwanted memories from coming to mind is an adaptive ability of humans. This ability relies on inhibitory control processes in the prefrontal cortex to modulate hippocampal retrieval processes. How and when reminders to unwelcome memories come to trigger prefrontal control mechanisms remains unknown.

Crespo García et al. measured participants’ brain activity with both EEG and fMRI while they completed a memory task. The participants memorised sets of words (ie, gate and train) and were asked to either recall a cue word’s pair (see gate, think about train) or only focus on the cue word (see gate, only think about gate). During proactive memory suppression, activity increased in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a brain region involved in cognitive control, within the first 500 milliseconds of the task. The ACC relayed information to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), which then inhibited activity in the hippocampus, a key region for memory recall. The activity levels in the ACC and DLPFC remained low for the rest of the trial, a sign of success — the memory was stopped early enough so no more suppression was needed. If the memory was not suppressed in time, the ACC generated a reactive alarm, increasing its activity to signal to the DLPFC to stop the intrusion.

Source: EurekAlert!

Categories : CancerTags :

Pump up the Volume: Killing Cancer with Ultrasound

On By ModernMedia
Sound waves
Image by Pawel Czerwinski on Unsplash

University of Michigan scientists have developed an ultrasound technology that uses high-powered pulses to break down liver tumours in rats, kill cancer cells and stimulate the immune system to destroy the remaining tumour and prevent metastasis.

The researchers reported in Cancers that, by destroying just 50% to 75% of liver tumour volume, the rats’ immune systems were able to clear away the rest, with no evidence of recurrence or metastases in more than 80% of animals.

“Even if we don’t target the entire tumour, we can still cause the tumour to regress and also reduce the risk of future metastasis,” said Professor Zhen Xu, corresponding author of the study.

The treatment was also found to spur the rats’ immune responses, possibly contributing to the eventual regression of the untargeted portion of the tumour and preventing further spread of the cancer.

The noninvasive technique, called histotripsy, focuses ultrasound waves to mechanically destroy target tissue with high precision. The relatively new technique is currently being used in a human liver cancer trial in the US and Europe.

Often, a tumour cannot be directly targeted for certain treatments due to the mass’ size, location or stage. To investigate the effects of partially destroying tumours with sound, this latest study targeted only a portion of each mass, leaving behind a viable intact tumour. It also allowed the team to demonstrate the technique in less ideal conditions.

“Histotripsy is a promising option that can overcome the limitations of currently available ablation modalities and provide safe and effective noninvasive liver tumour ablation,” said Tejaswi Worlikar, a doctoral student in biomedical engineering.

Liver cancer ranks among the top 10 causes of cancer related deaths worldwide, with poor prognosis despite multiple treatment options. Tumour recurrence and metastasis after initial treatment is common, demanding improved treatments.

The ultrasound approach comes without the side effects from present treatments such as radiation and chemotherapy.

“Our transducer, designed and built at U-M, delivers high amplitude microsecond-length ultrasound pulses – acoustic cavitation – to focus on the tumour specifically to break it up,” Prof Xu said. “Traditional ultrasound devices use lower amplitude pulses for imaging.”

The microsecond pulses create microbubbles within targeted tissues that rapidly expand and collapse, tearing up cancer cells and disrupting the tumour’s structure.

Source: University of Michigan

Categories : Diet and Nutrition PaediatricsTags :

Report Finds One in Four Preschool Children in SA Malnourished

On By ModernMedia
Photo by Gautam Arora on Unsplash

One in four preschool children (aged four to five years) shows signs of long-term malnutrition, according to a new survey.

The Thrive by Five Index, released on 8 April, was produced by First National Bank and Innovation Edge in collaboration with the Department of Basic Education (DBE). The study surveyed more than 5000 children enrolled in early learning programmes across the country.

The study found about 25% of children were physically stunted, as a result of malnutrition in pregnancy and the early years of life. About 65% of children are either cognitively delayed, physically stunted, or both. This means they are not meeting the learning or growth standards expected of a child their age, and will start school at a disadvantage.

“Children from poorer households tended to perform worse,” said Sonja Giese, the lead researcher in the study. Giese is the founder of Innovation Edge, which was set up to support innovation in early childhood development. The rates of stunting were highest among the poorest children.

She said each child was assessed for about an hour. Children were assessed for things such as early mathematical skills, literacy and communication, motor development and coordination, among other things.

But Giese also drew attention to the positive outcomes of the study, saying that even within the poorest group of children there were some children who performed very well, causing a kind of “positive deviance”.

“I think there are some really interesting lessons we can learn from these outliers …Some children just thrive in difficult circumstances,” said Giese. She said more research could help to figure out how and why these children are thriving.

Giese said as the DBE had just taken over responsibility for early childhood education from the Department of Social Development, the study could show where attention should be focused.

In a statement about the survey, the DBE said that the first five years of the child’s life are the most important and stressed the importance of physical development during this stage.

Data for the survey was collected in late 2021 from a nationally representative sample of children aged 50-59 months enrolled in early learning programmes. The final weighted sample used for analysis included 5,139 children from 1,247 programmes across the country. The school quintile system was used to measure the probable socio-economic background of the children who were assessed. School quintiles are based on the income, education and unemployment levels of households in the school catchment area and for the purposes of the Thrive by Five study, the researchers assumed that the income level of children attending early learning programmes within each school cluster matched the income level of children attending the nearest school.

The researchers included more children from quintile 1 – the poorest – in order for the study to be representative of the country and each province. “That’s how we tried to make sure that it really provides a window into the world of children today in South Africa, exactly where they are and how they’re living,” said Giese.

Giese said that some of the data had not yet been analysed and further findings would be released over the next year.

This story was written by Liezl Human for GroundUp and is reproduced under a Creative Commons 4.0 Licence.

Source: GroundUp