Consuming sugar-sweetened drinks in the first few years of childhood can be linked to poor diet patterns that increase the risk of obesity in later life, according to a new study by the School of Psychology at Swansea University.
Published in the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, the study tracked the influence of diet on 14 000 British children from birth to adulthood and is believed to be the longest of its kind ever reported.
Using the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, the research team found:
Children who drank fizzy drinks such as cola or sugar-sweetened fruit cordials before the age of two gained more weight when they were 24 years old. Girls who had pure fruit juice gained less weight, while the weight of boys remained the same.
At three years of age, toddlers who drank cola consumed more calories, fat, protein, and sugar but less fibre. In contrast, those given pure apple juice consumed less fat and sugar but higher amounts of fibre.
The study also highlighted corresponding differences in food choices.
Children who consumed pure apple juice often followed a diet with more fish, fruit, green vegetables, and salad, whereas those drinking cola ate more burgers, sausages, pizza, french fries, meat, chocolate, and sweets.
Additionally, the team discovered a link between sugar-sweetened drinks and social deprivation, with children from affluent backgrounds more likely to have access to pure fruit juice.
Lead researcher Professor David Benton said: “The early diet establishes a food pattern that influences, throughout life, whether weight increases. The important challenge is to ensure that a child develops a good dietary habit: one that offers less fat and sugar, although pure fruit juice, one of your five a day, adds vitamin C, potassium, folate, and plant polyphenols.”
Dr Hayley Young added: “Obesity is a serious health concern, one that increases the risk of many other conditions. Our study shows that the dietary causes of adult obesity begin in early childhood and that if we are to control it, more attention needs to be given to our diet in the first years of life.”
A cystic fibrosis drug targeting the basic defect that causes the condition has been shown to be safe and effective in newborns aged four weeks and above, new research involving RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences and Children’s Health Ireland has found.
The finding is described as a “huge moment” for cystic fibrosis by one of the lead researchers. The study included the first baby in the world with cystic fibrosis to be diagnosed from birth and enrolled directly onto a trial of this sort.
The drug, ivacaftor (Kalydeko), is the first drug designed to treat the basic defect in cystic fibrosis. It was originally approved for adults, then sequentially over several years for older and younger children. Currently, it is approved for babies aged four months and older, however, this new research suggests that it is safe and effective for babies as young as four weeks of age.
Cystic fibrosis experts predict that the earlier treatments can begin, the more likely that progression of the condition can be slowed down or halted in children, and this is the focus of several international research studies led by RCSI and Children’s Health Ireland. The findings of this study could pave the way for eligible newborns to start treatment on the medicine at the time of diagnosis (typically at newborn screening) rather than having to wait until they are four months old.
“This is a huge moment in cystic fibrosis,” said Paul McNally, Associate Professor of Paediatrics at RCSI and Consultant in Respiratory Medicine at CHI. McNally is one of the authors of the new study which was published in the Journal of Cystic Fibrosis.
“Over the years ivacaftor, or Kalydeko, has been put through clinical trials in younger and younger children. Now, through this study, it has been shown to be safe and effective all the way down to four weeks of age,” he said.
“This is an important development because almost all children are diagnosed through newborn screening at around this time. The availability of a treatment that targets the underlying cause of the disease in newborns and can be started immediately at diagnosis will provide a huge sense of reassurance and hope for families.”
Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease that mainly affects the lungs and digestive system. Ireland has the highest incidence of the condition in the world: approximately 1400 children and adults in Ireland live with the condition and more than 30 new cases of cystic fibrosis are diagnosed here each year, typically around four weeks of age through the newborn screening programme.
In recent years, new medicines have emerged that target the basic defect that causes cystic fibrosis. Ivacaftor (Kalydeko) is one such treatment. It targets a genetic change seen in around 4% of people with cystic fibrosis worldwide, and around 10% in Ireland.
Siblings Kara (aged 5) and Isaac Moss (aged 2) both participated in the study through Children’s Health Ireland. Kara was part of an earlier phase of the study that paved the approval of the drug in older infants and led to the latest trial that Isaac took part in.
Isaac was the first baby with cystic fibrosis in the world to be diagnosed from birth and enrolled directly onto a trial of these ground-breaking treatments.
“Both Kara and Isaac are doing really well and remarkably are not experiencing any of the typical symptoms of cystic fibrosis at the moment,” said their mother Debbie.
“Research studies like this one are so important to ensuring that children get access to the right treatments as early as possible. With the right medications, they can enjoy a healthy childhood and look forward to a brighter future”
Ivacaftor is manufactured by pharmaceutical company Vertex Pharmaceuticals, who are currently applying to the European Medicines Agency for an extension to the marketing authorization for Ivacaftor down to one month of age.
The study involved researchers from RCSI, Children’s Health Ireland, the U.S. and the UK.
Children and young people who are overweight or obese are at significantly higher risk of iron deficiency, according to a study by nutritional scientists at the University of Leeds.
Researchers from the School of Food Science and Nutrition examined thousands of medical studies from 44 countries involving people under the age of 25 where levels of iron and other vitamins and minerals had been recorded alongside weight. They found that iron deficiency was associated with both underweight and overweight children and adolescents.
By contrast, zinc and vitamin A deficiencies were only observed in children who were undernourished, leading researchers to conclude that iron deficiency in overweight children is probably due to inflammation disrupting the mechanisms that regulate iron absorption.
The results of the research appear in the journal BMJ Global Health.
Iron deficiency in children has a negative effect on brain function, including attention, concentration and memory, and can increase the risk of conditions, such as autism and ADHD.
It is already recognised as a problem in adults living with obesity, but this research is the first to look at the association in children.
Lead author Xiaomian Tan, a Doctoral Researcher in the University of Leeds’ School of Food Science and Nutrition said: “The relationship between undernutrition and critical micronutrients for childhood growth and development is well established, but less is known about the risk of deficiencies in iron, vitamin A and zinc in children and adolescents who are overweight or obese, making this a hidden form of malnutrition.
“Our research is hugely important given the high prevalence of obesity in children. We hope it will lead to increased recognition of the problem by healthcare practitioners and improvements in clinical practice and care.”
Hidden hunger
Historically the problem has been linked to malnutrition and is a particular concern for lower- and middle-income countries where hunger may be the leading cause of mortality for young children.
Increasingly though it is being recognised that vitamin and mineral deficiencies can also occur in people who are overweight and obese and who have a nutrient-poor but energy-dense diet, something which has been described as ‘hidden hunger’.
In high-income countries it is associated with ultra-processed foods that are high in fat, sugar, salt, and energy but in lower- and middle-income countries obesity is often associated with poverty and monotonous diets with limited choices of staples such as corn, wheat, rice, and potatoes.
Many developing countries are now facing a double burden of malnutrition alongside overnutrition due to the rapid increase in the global prevalence of obesity in recent decades, especially in children aged between five and 19.
Undernutrition versus overnutrition
The research also highlights differences in focus between higher income countries and developing nations, with most studies in Africa and Asia focusing on undernutrition and those from North America and Europe focusing entirely on overnutrition.
The researchers say this is particularly concerning as both Africa and Asia are experiencing the highest double burden of malnutrition due to economic growth and the transition to a western-style high-sugar, high-fat diet.
Between the years 2000 and 2017, the number of overweight children under the age of five in Africa increased from 6.6 to 9.7 million, and in Asia that figure rose from 13.9 to 17.5 million. At the same time, there was an increase in the number of stunted children under 5, from 50.6 to 58.7 million in Africa.
Research supervisor Bernadette Moore, Professor of Nutritional Sciences in Leeds’ School of Food Science and Nutrition, said: “These stark figures underscore the fact that the investigation of micronutrient deficiencies in relation to the double burden of malnutrition remains critically important for child health.
“By the age of 11 here in the UK, one in three children are living with overweight or obesity, and our data suggests that even in overweight children inflammation leading to iron deficiency can be an issue.
“Iron status may be the canary in the coalmine, but the real issue is that prolonged inflammation leads to heart disease, diabetes and fatty liver.”
Increasing physical activity and improving diet have been shown to reduce inflammation and improve iron status in children and the researchers are now calling for further studies into the effectiveness of these interventions.
They also believe that more research is needed into micronutrient deficiencies and the double burden of malnutrition and overnutrition in countries where there are currently gaps in data.
Dr Anusha Lachman is the first child psychiatrist to hold the position as president of the SA Society of Psychiatrists. Photo supplied to Spotlight
By Sue Segar for Spotlight
There are serious gaps in psychiatry regarding treatment, prevention and care for children and adolescents in South Africa. Offering solutions, Dr Anusha Lachman tells Spotlight psychiatric services should be offered in ways that are Afro-centric and culturally sensitive.
“There’s a mental health crisis in South Africa and yet, today, there are fewer than 40 registered child psychiatrists in the country,” Dr Anusha Lachman tells Spotlight.
She is the first child psychiatrist to hold the position as president of the SA Society of Psychiatrists (SASOP) and she hopes to prioritise the “grossly under-represented and under-resourced” field of child and adolescent health in the country. While the field is certainly neglected, Lachman is not alone in trying to draw more attention to it – the 2020/2021 edition of the Children’s Institute’s excellent Child Gauge also concentrated on the mental health of children in South Africa.
Lack of data
One of the biggest issues in child and adolescent psychiatry, Lachman laments, is the lack of reliable data. She explains that most of the current research, literature and thinking about infant mental health is focused on Western, high-income settings but her focus is on the African context and in limited-resource settings. “We don’t have many figures on how many young people are suffering from the various mental health disorders,” she says.
While it is a struggle to get concrete, reliable statistics, Lachman adds there are some data to work with but South Africa lacks a collective data base that ties it all together.
Insight into the country’s mental health crisis, she says, is partly gauged from the number of referrals to primary health care centres for mental health support and evidenced by the long waiting lists for children to be assessed at specialist mental health clinics and at hospitals. “All we have, across our public hospitals, is the waiting list data which only tell us the duration that children with severe mental illness wait to get into secondary and tertiary level hospitals to access hospital-based care,” she says. The problem is that this type of data tells us little about the vast majority of adolescents with mental health issues who do not require hospitalisation.
Lachman is also head of the Clinical Unit Child Psychiatry at Tygerberg Hospital. The unit is the Western Cape’s only tertiary hospital based assessment unit for adolescents aged from 13 to 18 years with complex psychiatric presentations and severe mental illness. The young people they help often face not only mental health issues, but the full range of psychosocial challenges – from poverty to exposure to violence, substance abuse, and HIV.
“We know, for example,” she says, “what substance-use disorder looks like in children under twelve, and in young people under 21 because we get that from substance-use centres and rehabilitation centres. We know what proportion of children have HIV and TB and some infectious diseases, which by extension have psychosocial consequences and comorbidities, and we know about neurodevelopmental delays because we track things like school attendance and requests for access to support in special needs.
“We do have statistics on issues which affect children in South Africa disproportionately,” she says, “on food insecurity, intimate partner violence, instability in terms of accommodation etc. There are huge occurrences of abuse but there are inadequate services for children to be removed from those abusive homes, because we don’t have sufficient children’s homes or safety placements for example. So these are children who are disproportionally disadvantaged and that in itself is hard to quantify – and the psychosocial support structures are just not there.”
Lachman says the Western Cape department of Health and Wellness is making inroads into the lack of data by tracking and digitising child mental health statistics, through its Child and Adolescent Mental Health Strengthening Project. “This will give us some important data across emergency rooms throughout the Western Cape. Hopefully that can roll out to the rest of the country so that we can understand what children are presenting with.”
Hard to categorise
Asked which mental illnesses South African children and adolescents mainly suffer from, Lachman says child mental health is a function of multiple psycho-social stressors, structural problems, and fundamental relational challenges – and that’s hard to categorise.
“It’s a complex relationship between environmental stressors and vulnerabilities to mental illnesses.” She explains that environments that are high risk – with violence, poverty, untreated mental illness in caregivers, food insecurity and economic burdens – predispose children to mental illness expressed commonly in mood disorders, anxiety and trauma responses. “These take the form of poor functioning at school, learning challenges, suicide and self-harming attempts, drug-seeking behaviours and, in some instances, expressions of severe mental illnesses. ADHD is also commonly seen in this context.”
Lack of relevant research
Lachman bemoans what she calls the “distaste” for research that originates from the global South. “The biggest problem we face is the inability to publish and compete in international journals, not because our research is inadequate but because there’s a distrust of information originating from the lower-middle income countries or the global South.”
In terms of publication bias, she says the huge issue is that editorial boards and funders of journals consist largely of privileged white men.
“They don’t represent people of colour and ethnic majorities outside of the industrialised northern hemisphere countries. When we aren’t able to publish, we aren’t able to get the data out there, and when you don’t get the data out, there’s a vacuum of information and evidence-based treatment – and interventions are often coloured by information that doesn’t represent the lower-income communities and population groups.”
Lachman says research published a few years ago, by Stellenbosch University academic Mark Tomlinson, showed that less than three percent of all articles published in peer reviewed literature include data from low- and middle-income countries, where 90 percent of children live.
Low number of child psychiatrists
Turning to the shockingly low number of registered child psychiatrists in the country, Lachman notes that in the last three years, South Africa has lost five child psychiatrists to New Zealand. “This is about the brain drain, where there is targeted recruitment of qualified people [by] first-world or industrialised regions who can offer incentivised work opportunities which we, in South Africa, cannot compete with.”
She adds: “One child psychiatrist is trained only every two years. And only from a university that can train them. There are only four universities that can do that here – Stellenbosch, Wits, UCT and Pretoria. It depends after two years if the student passes the exam or not so that is why there are so few.” (Prior to training in child psychiatry candidates first have to complete the normal training to become a medical doctor.)
“So far there were two that qualified 2022 and one that qualified in 2023. And at the beginning of 2023, we had lost five child psychiatrists to New Zealand and Australia. It’s dire,” she emphasises. People remain registered with the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA) but that doesn’t mean they are physically in the country, Lachman adds. “Recent stats show that we have under 40 [child] psychiatrists in working environments, including those who have retired.
“We still sit with provinces that have zero representation for child psychiatry. We recently deployed one to the Eastern Cape, but, currently North West, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, don’t have any qualified [child] psychiatrists.”
‘Everybody’s business’
Yet, Lachman does not believe the only answer is to train more child psychiatrists. “The answer is more nuanced. It’s about upskilling and task shifting, and an openness to the idea that child and adolescent psychiatry is everybody’s business.”
“If you’re an adult psychiatrist, a physician a paediatrician, or a nurse, or even somebody treating adults, it’s your job to be aware of mental health problems in children,” Lachman adds. “I feel strongly about changing the narrative and moving away from the idea that it’s a specialist realm, because mental health is everybody’s business and child mental health should be pervasive in terms of focus, across various sectors.”
She also feels strongly that psychiatric services should be offered in ways that are Afro-centric and culturally sensitive. Such an “Afro-centric approach”, she says, “must include a diverse spectrum of input – so not just the mental health care providers who punt a specific model of medication and therapy – but partnerships with the educators, community workers, caregivers and allied health professionals to be able to effectively attempt to support and re-think models that can work in our setting.”
She suggests exploring opportunities for children to be screened early, recognised, and offered treatment. For instance, Lachman says, nurses at Well Baby clinics – where babies get immunised – can be trained in child mental health. “Whilst checking the child’s growth and immunisations, they could also look at whether the child is making eye contact, or engaging in reciprocal contact. If this is not happening, they need to know what further questions to ask and what to do next.”
Similarly, mental health awareness and screening should be in schools. Why do we offer sexual education, but not address mental health issues, she asks. “Just as we have so easily incorporated into school curriculums how people can get condoms, we need to ask them how they’re feeling, whether they feel isolated, want to harm themselves or want to die.”
Disturbed gut flora during the first years of life is associated with diagnoses such as autism and ADHD later in life. One explanation for this disturbance could be from antibiotic treatment. This is according to a study led by researchers at the University of Florida and Linköping University and published in the journal Cell.
The study is the first prospective study to examine gut flora composition and a large variety of other factors in infants, in relation to the development of the children’s nervous system. The researchers have found many biological markers that seem to be associated with future neurological development disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, communication disorder and intellectual disability.
“The remarkable aspect of the work is that these biomarkers are found at birth in cord blood or in the child’s stool at one year of age over a decade prior to the diagnosis,” says Eric W Triplett, professor at the Department of Microbiology and Cell Science at the University of Florida, USA, one of the study leaders.
Antibiotic treatment could be involved
The study is part of the ABIS (All Babies in Southeast Sweden) study led by Johnny Ludvigsson at Linköping University. More than 16 000 children born in 1997–1999, representing the general population, have been followed from birth into their twenties. Of these, 1197 children (7.3%), have been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, ADHD, communication disorder or intellectual disability. Many lifestyle and environmental factors have been identified through surveys conducted on several occasions during the children’s upbringing. For some of the children, the researchers have analysed substances in umbilical cord blood and bacteria in their stool at the age of one.
“We can see in the study that there are clear differences in the intestinal flora already during the first year of life between those who develop autism or ADHD and those who don’t. We’ve found associations with some factors that affect gut bacteria, such as antibiotic treatment during the child’s first year, which is linked to an increased risk of these diseases,” says Johnny Ludvigsson, senior professor at the Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences at Linköping University, who led the study together with Eric W. Triplett.
Children who had repeated ear infections before one year of age had a higher risk of a developmental neurological disorder diagnosis later in life. It is probably not the infection itself that is the culprit, but the researchers suspect a link to antibiotic treatment. They found that the presence of Citrobacter bacteria or the absence of Coprococcus bacteria increased the risk of future diagnosis. One possible explanation may be that antibiotic treatment has disturbed the composition of the gut flora in a way that contributes to neurodevelopmental disorders. The risk of antibiotic treatment damaging the gut flora and increasing the risk of diseases linked to the immune system, such as type 1 diabetes and childhood rheumatism, has been shown in previous studies.
“Coprococcus and Akkermansia muciniphila have potential protective effects. These bacteria were correlated with important substances in the stool, such as vitamin B and precursors to neurotransmitters which play vital roles orchestrating signalling in the brain. Overall, we saw deficits in these bacteria in children who later received a developmental neurological diagnosis,” says study first author Angelica Ahrens, Assistant Scientist in Eric Triplett’s research group at the University of Florida.
The present study also confirms that the risk of developmental neurological diagnosis in the child increases if the parents smoke. Conversely, breastfeeding has a protective effect, according to the study.
Differences at birth
In cord blood taken at the birth of children, the researchers measured substances such as fatty acids and amino acids, as well as exogenous ones such as nicotine and environmental toxins. They compared substances in the umbilical cord blood of 27 children diagnosed with autism with the same number of children without a diagnosis.
It turned out that children who were later diagnosed had low levels of several important fats in the umbilical cord blood. One of these was linolenic acid, which is needed for the formation of omega 3 fatty acids with anti-inflammatory properties and other effects in the brain. The same group also had higher levels than the control group of a PFAS substance, used as flame retardants and shown to negatively affect the immune system in several different ways. PFAS substances can enter the body via drinking water, food and the air we breathe.
Opens up new possibilities
As the relationships found in the Swedish children may not be generalisable to other populations, studies in other populations are needed. Another question is whether gut flora imbalance is a triggering factor or whether it has occurred as a result of underlying factors, such as diet or antibiotics. Yet even accounting for risk factors that might affect the gut flora, they found that the link between future diagnosis remained for many of the bacteria.
The research is at an early stage and more studies are needed, but the discovery that many biomarkers for future developmental neurological disorders can be observed at an early age opens up the possibility of developing screening protocols and preventive measures in the long term.
Experiencing puberty earlier, compared to same-age peers, may be one of the mechanisms through which childhood risk factors influence adult cardiometabolic health issues, according to a study published March 27, 2024 in the open-access journal PLOS ONE by Maria Bleil from the University of Washington, USA and colleagues.
Adverse experiences in childhood are frequently linked to poor health in adulthood. Most of the conceptual models describing adversity-related changes that may be adaptive to stress in the short-term but are risky to long-term health don’t specifically include puberty, which links childhood and adulthood and is itself also sensitive to the child’s environment. Earlier onset of puberty is often linked to factors like race (with Black and Latina girls developing earlier than White girls), mother’s age at her first period, infant weight gain and childhood obesity, and adverse experiences like childhood socioeconomic disadvantage, stressful parent-child relationships, and other stressful life events.
Here, Bleil and colleagues modeled pubertal timing and health risks in a cohort of women who had participated in the 30-year NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development prospective study of children and their families. Participants were followed from birth to adolescence (1991–2009) to examine trajectories of child health and development, with an additional in-person study follow-up (2018–2022) among participants ages 26 to 31 to capture social, behavioural, and health status information in adulthood. The authors fit models to data from the full sample of 655 women.
The authors found that later pubertal onset (later breast development, pubic hair onset, and first period) predicted lower adulthood cardiometabolic risk. These puberty indicators were also found to mediate the effects of factors like mother’s age at her first period, race, BMI percentile, and childhood socioeconomic status on adult cardiometabolic risk.
It’s important to note that this study maps predictive relationships between childhood risk factors, timing of puberty, and adulthood cardiometabolic risks, but cannot prove causation. That said, the pattern of results provides strong longitudinal evidence for the role of puberty onset as a pathway linking early life exposures and adulthood cardiometabolic health – and suggests targeting puberty onset may improve health more broadly in at-risk girls. The authors hope future studies will both replicate their findings and better characterise the nature of the links identified here.
The authors add: “This study suggests the timing of pubertal development in girls is an important pathway through which early life risk factors, such as prepubertal body mass index and socioeconomic position, influence cardiometabolic health in adulthood. The implications of this work are that pubertal development and its timing should be considered, and potentially targeted, in efforts to improve cardiometabolic health.”
There were multiple unsafe sleep practices at play in more than three-quarters of Sudden Unexpected Infant Deaths reported in 23 U.S. jurisdictions between 2011 and 2020, according to a new study published in Pediatrics. The researchers say the findings underscore the need for more comprehensive safe-sleep education for new parents, including from healthcare providers.
Of 7595 infant deaths reviewed, almost 60% of the infants were sharing a sleep surface, such as a bed, when they died.
This practice is strongly discouraged by sleep experts, who warn that a parent or other bed partner could unintentionally roll over and suffocate the baby.
Infants who died while sharing a sleep surface were typically younger (less than 3 months old), non-Hispanic Black, publicly insured, and either in the care of a parent at the time of death or being supervised by someone impaired by drugs or alcohol.
These infants were typically found in an adult bed, chair or couch instead of the crib or bassinet recommended by sleep experts.
“The large number of hazardous sleep practices for both infants who were sharing a sleep surface and sleeping alone at the time of death is alarming,” said researcher Fern Hauck, MD, MS, a safe-sleep expert at UVA Health and the University of Virginia School of Medicine.
“These are known risk factors for SUID [Sudden Unexpected Infant Death], and tells us that we need to do a better job of working with families to increase acceptance of the recommendations to create safer sleep spaces for their infants.”
Sudden Unexpected Infant Deaths
To better understand the factors contributing to SUID and improve safe-sleep messaging, Hauck and her collaborators analysed data from the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s SUID Case Registry.
The researchers obtained important insights on the prevalence of practices such as prenatal smoking, a known risk factor for SUID, and breastfeeding, which is thought to have a protective benefit.
More than 36% of mothers of infants who died had smoked while pregnant. This percentage was higher among moms who bed shared than those who didn’t, 41.4% to 30.5%. Both bed sharers and non-bed sharers had breastfed at similar rates.
The researchers note that it was rare for bedsharing to be the only risk factor present during a child’s death.
The findings highlight the need for better public education about safe-sleep practices, and for care providers to take a more active role in teaching new parents about the practices, the researchers say.
“Our findings support comprehensive safe sleep counselling for every family at every encounter beyond just asking where an infant is sleeping,” the researchers wrote
In addition to helping parents understand safe-sleep practices, care providers should take steps to ensure parents can follow those practices once they leave the hospital.
For example, some families may not have the means to purchase a crib or bassinet; a hospital might direct them to resources to help with that.
“SUID deaths in the U.S. are still higher than in most other countries, and this is unacceptable,” Hauck said.
“Clinicians and others caring for infants need to have thoughtful conversations with families at risk to understand the barriers to following safe-sleep guidelines and find ways to work together to overcome them.”
The “Thrive 5” are five conditions to ensure an infant in the first year of life has what they need for healthy development. Those conditions include environmental stimulation, nutrition, neighbourhood safety, positive caregiving and regular circadian rhythms and sleep. Simple, and yet, it has not yet been prioritised for many reasons including the fact that researchers had not provided empirical data to support making the Thrive 5 a public health priority.
Researchers at Washington University in St. Louis think it’s time to change that. In new research published in JAMA Pediatrics, Deanna Barch and Joan Luby make the case that “Thrive Factor” is a key element of healthy human brain, behavioural and cognitive development.
“When they have access to these basic supports, even in the face of adverse environments, it enhances their brain development, cognition (measures of IQ) and social-emotional development,” said Luby, MD, the university’s Samuel and Mae S. Ludwig Professor of Child Psychiatry at the School of Medicine.
There have been plenty of studies touting the benefits of individual thrive factors, such as encouraging breast-feeding to facilitate growth in general, but this new study looks at several key factors known to influence brain development and shows their relationship to outcomes at age 3.
“The novelty here is putting them all together and thinking of them as a constellation of things that are necessary and important for a child to be able to thrive,” said Barch, PhD, vice dean of research, a professor of psychological & brain sciences in Arts & Sciences and the Gregory B. Couch Professor of Psychiatry at the School of Medicine.
The study is part of a change in thinking in the child development field as scientists have learned that much of our health is not just genetically predetermined but is powerfully influenced by the psychosocial environment. The human brain is still undergoing rapid development at birth, and researchers are trying to understand the environmental factors that shape this development.
The study of 232 infants and their mothers looked at positive factors in the environment in the foetal period and first year of life that enhance brain development, minimise negative behaviours and increase cognitive outcomes. Participants were evaluated on social disadvantage indexes beginning in utero and early life T-Factor scores were also calculated. As infants approached age 3, they were re-evaluated for social, emotional and cognitive development along with using MRIs to scan brain structure.
The results were clear that T-Factor is powerful: Even infants coming from adverse conditions and under-resourced backgrounds can have healthy development if they get their Thrive 5.
The researchers note that policymakers and paediatric primary care providers should be informed about the importance of focusing on elements of the T-Factor and how they can lead to many downstream advantages for both the child and society.
It may seem obvious to anyone that a baby needs care, sleep, food, stimulation and safety but “nobody has particularly focused on or prioritised the importance of this during foetal development and in the first year of life to enhance critical developmental outcomes,” Luby said.
“The Thrive Factor provides a solid foundation for healthy development. It has been underappreciated in primary care just how malleable the brain is to experience,” Luby added.
Barch said the next step will be setting up interventions to test in randomised controlled trials. Another advantage to T-Factor is it is highly feasible to share and promote in broad populations.
Interventions would likely take the form of multiple Zoom sessions with parents to educate and coach them on how to best provide each thrive factor. But that would just be the start, since parents need resources to help them provide thrive factors.
Though T-Factor can help kids overcome adverse conditions, Barch emphasised the need for understanding just how tough those adverse conditions can be on a new parent.
“If you’ve never suffered from financial adversity, you don’t understand how hard that makes life,” she said.
Parents can struggle to provide conditions to thrive because they may have to support many people in their household, may not have adequate number of rooms to ensure easier child sleep training, must work multiple jobs and can’t get away to breast feed, and live in unsafe neighbourhoods that keep them in a constant state of vigilance.
Though education can help caregivers, it will take public policy interventions to ensure parents can access all the Thrive Factors, especially when it comes to access to safe housing and adequate income to support even these basic needs of developing infants.
“We need to make it so families can have the resources necessary to provide these core things to kids because it’s going to have such a big impact on kids’ development across the course of their lifespan,” she said.
Scientists at UC San Francisco that they may have discovered a new way to test for autism by measuring how children’s eyes move when they turn their heads. They found that children with a variant of a gene that is associated with severe autism are hypersensitive to this motion.
The gene, SCN2A, makes an ion channel that is found throughout the brain, including the region that coordinates movement – the cerebellum. Several variants of this gene are also associated with severe epilepsy and intellectual disability.
The researchers found that children with these variants have an unusual form of the reflex that stabilizes the gaze while the head is moving, called the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). In children with autism, it seems to go overboard, and this can be measured with a simple eye-tracking device.
The discovery, published in the journal Neuron, could help to advance research on autism, which affects 1 out of every 36 children in the United States. And it could help to diagnose kids earlier and faster with a method that only requires them to don a helmet and sit in a chair.
“We can measure it in kids with autism who are non-verbal or can’t or don’t want to follow instructions,” said Kevin Bender, PhD, a professor in the UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences and co-senior author of the study. “This could be a game-changer in both the clinic and the lab.”
A telltale sign of autism in an eye reflex
Of the hundreds of gene mutations associated with autism, variants of the SCN2A gene are among the most common.
Since autism affects social communication, ion channel experts like Bender had focused on the frontal lobe of the brain, which governs language and social skills in people. But mice with an autism-associated variant of the SCN2A gene did not display marked behavioral differences associated with this brain region.
Chenyu Wang, a UCSF graduate student in Bender’s lab and first author of the study, decided to look at what the SCN2A variant was doing in the mouse cerebellum. Guy Bouvier, PhD, a cerebellum expert at UCSF and co-senior author of the paper, already had the equipment needed to test behaviors influenced by the cerebellum, like the VOR.
The VOR is easy to provoke. Shake your head and your eyes will stay roughly centered. In mice with the SCN2A variant, however, the researchers discovered that this reflex was unusually sensitive. When these mice were rotated in one direction, their eyes compensated perfectly, rotating in the opposite direction.
But this increased sensitivity came at a cost. Normally, neural circuits in the cerebellum can refine the reflex when needed, for example to enable the eyes to focus on a moving object while the head is also moving. In SCN2A mice, however, these circuits got stuck, making the reflex rigid.
A mouse result translates nearly perfectly to kids with autism
Wang and Bender had uncovered something rare: a behaviour that arose from a variant to the SCN2A gene that was easy to measure in mice. But would it work in people?
They decided to test it with an eye-tracking camera mounted on a helmet. It was a “shot in the dark,” Wang said, given that the two scientists had never conducted a study in humans.
Bender asked several families from the FamilieSCN2A Foundation, the major family advocacy group for children with SCN2A variants in the US, to participate. Five children with SCN2A autism and eleven of their neurotypical siblings volunteered.
Wang and Bender took turns rotating the children to the left and right in an office chair to the beat of a metronome. The VOR was hypersensitive in the children with autism, but not in their neurotypical siblings.
The scientists could tell which children had autism just by measuring how much their eyes moved in response to their head rotation.
A CRISPR cure in mice
The scientists also wanted to see if they could restore the normal eye reflex in the mice with a CRISPR-based technology that restored SCN2A gene expression in the cerebellum.
When they treated 30-day-old SCN2A mice – equivalent to late adolescence in humans – their VOR became less rigid but was still unusually sensitive to body motion. But when they treated 3-day-old SCN2A mice – early childhood in humans – their eye reflexes were completely normal.
“These first results, using this reflex as our proxy for autism, point to an early window for future therapies that get the developing brain back on track,” Wang said.
It’s too early to say whether such an approach might someday be used to directly treat autism. But the eye reflex test, on its own, could clear the way to more expedient autism diagnosis for kids today, saving families from long diagnostic odysseys.
“If this sort of assessment works in our hands, with kids with profound, nonverbal autism, there really is hope it could be more widely adopted,” Bender said.
Viral infections trigger more cases of intussusception in young children than previously thought, according to a new study. The research, led by Murdoch Children’s Research Institute (MCRI) and published in Clinical Infectious Diseases, found that during the COVID lockdowns, hospital admissions for intussusception, a medical emergency involving obstruction of the intestine, among young children significantly decreased.
For the study, 12 years of data was analysed across Victoria, NSW and Queensland. A total of 5589 intussusception cases were recorded between January, 2010 and April, 2022. Of those, 3179 were children under the age of two.
During the lockdown periods, Victoria and NSW experienced a decline in hospital admissions for intussusception among children under two by 62.7% and 40.1%, respectively. The rate of intussusception cases has now returned to normal levels.
MCRI and Monash University researcher Dr Ben Townley said the magnitude of the decline supported that common respiratory diseases such as colds, the flu and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), were behind a significant proportion of intussusception cases.
“Reductions in intussusception hospital admissions were seen in all age groups, however most occurred in children less than two years of age,” he said.
“Intussusception is the leading cause of acute bowel obstruction in infants and young children and without prompt diagnosis and management, can be fatal.
“Countries with prolonged COVID lockdowns and suppression strategies saw reductions in common respiratory viruses, which influenced the drop in intussusception admissions.”
Victoria experienced the greatest lockdown duration, with Melbourne having six lockdown periods, for a total of 263 days. Greater Sydney had 159 days and Brisbane had 18 days in lockdown.
MCRI Professor Jim Buttery said the decrease in intussusception cases was greater than expected given previous research into the causes of the condition.
“Our analysis found commons viruses play a larger role than previously recognised in triggering intussusception,” he said.
Professor Buttery said the findings raised the possibility that emerging vaccines like the new RSV vaccines may help prevent intussusception.
“When a new vaccine against common childhood respiratory viruses is introduced, we may find there are some unexpected benefits, like protecting more children from intussusception,” he said.
Researchers from Sydney Children’s Hospital Network, University of Melbourne and Queensland Health also contributed to the findings.
