Category: General Interest

Good for the Soul: How Helping Others Reignited my Passion for South Africa

Neil Tabatznik, founder of the Tshemba Foundation

In an opinion piece, Neil Tabatznik reflects on how starting the Tshemba Foundation reignited his passion for his native South Africa.

South Africa is not only the most unequal country in the world, it also does not care well enough for its weak and sick. Its inequitable access to healthcare is iniquitous in many parts of the developing world. But to me, a former South African who left the country during one of South Africa’s darkest periods in history, which was rife with government oppression at the time, it reflects the legacy of apartheid.

Having departed for England in 1971, where I practiced law before leaving for Canada, South Africa became a distant and awful memory: I had planned to leave and never come back.

I stayed away for 36 years and cut all ties with the country.

However, seventeen years ago, I returned to South Africa, for personal reasons: my son’s bar mitzvah. With family dispersed across North America, Europe and Australia, South Africa felt like a central place to congregate. It was during the new, post-apartheid period in South Africa that I fell in love with the country all over again.

I started the Tshemba Foundation in Hoedspruit, Mpumalanga, out of complete selfishness initially: It was an excuse to come back to South Africa, while doing good.

At the time, The Tshemba Foundation approached the provincial health department, pitched the concept and offered to bring skilled medical volunteers to the region – and a partnership was born.

The Foundation operates a medical volunteer programme that serves as a model of public-private partnership in the healthcare sector. Initially, I had reached out to colleagues and friends approaching retirement in the UK and Canada, recognising that they had immense skills, time on their hands, and could easily be enticed to come and help while staying at a lodge we had set up on a game reserve in South Africa. The Health Professions Council of SA (HPCSA) proved to be a barrier to this idea, because they refused to register any doctor who had left SA during the Apartheid era (intending never to return) demanding that they pay membership fees accruing during the intervening years. Although this barrier remains, we have still been able to recruit hundreds of volunteers from South Africa and abroad.

Designed to connect skilled professionals from the medical and allied professions with a desire to give back to rural communities in need, we have operated out of the Tintswalo Hospital, a 423-bed public hospital, and surrounding clinics, since 2017.

The Foundation relies on medical volunteers to bridge the gaps in patient care in rural Mpumalanga: Professionals who give up their time and expertise to bring value to underprivileged and underserved communities, while supporting existing staff with training, educational opportunities and fresh perspectives. We assist volunteers with HPCSA registration, to allow them to volunteer in South Africa, but they have to make their own way to Mpumalanga and are provided with free lodging.

Tintswalo Hospital is one of the biggest in the province, serving a rural, underserved population of about 300 000. The hospital has no specialist doctor posts, and if any staff member leaves, from groundsman to senior doctor, it is extremely difficult to replace them due to severe budgetary constraints.

Our “leave of purpose” programme recruits both local and international medics to volunteer their services in these rural areas. They cover a wide range of disciplines, from generalists and dentists to ophthalmologists that perform cataract surgeries and specialist researchers who are spearheading a rural ultrasound project.

Our flagship projects, offered in partnership with the Mpumalanga Department of Health and Tintswalo Hospital, are a state-of-the-art eye clinic and cataract operating theatre, which screens and remedies common, treatable eye diseases, and the Hlokomela Women’s Clinic where pap smears, cryotherapy, and breast, pelvis, abdomen and pregnancy ultrasounds are offered. Women no longer need to travel vast distances to receive screening and treatment: they can get such specialist care at Tintswalo.

Tshemba’s eye clinic volunteers have helped over 700 elderly patients – many of whom were being cared for by grandchildren and other family members, thereby depriving them of access to education and employment.

The programme would not have been possible without the cooperation and enthusiasm of medics, the community, the Mpumalanga Department of Health and international benefactors.

To date, we have attracted about 200 local and global volunteers, mostly from the US, Canada, Europe and Australia, who have devoted the equivalent of over 9,000 healthcare professional days, treated 19,630 patients and held 294 training sessions. These training sessions not only assist local healthcare professionals with continuing professional development and informal clinical teaching, but they also ensure that the Foundation makes a lasting and sustainable impact on the quality of rural healthcare.

Now, the challenge is to make The Tshemba Foundation sustainable. We are registering it as a charity in the UK, Canada and the United States, but we need more support.

We hope to strengthen our relationship with the province to improve healthcare, without flooding hospitals with volunteers. Instead, we would like to build on the power of the clinics by posting medics to smaller healthcare centres.

Our work makes a real difference, not only in the lives of the communities who lack access to healthcare that people in urban centres take for granted, but also in the lives of those who volunteer their services.

Radio DJ Mark Pilgrim Shares Good News on His Cancer Treatment

Radio DJ Mark Pilgrim has revealed on Twitter that his latest scan results showed a ‘significant shrinkage’ of all of the tumours present in his lung, spine, leg and lymph nodes.

In March 2022, the radio star revealed that he had been diagnosed with stage 4 lung cancer, and that he was to start treatment “in a week”.

Speaking about his most recent diagnosis, he said: “I’m not Chuck Norris. Yes, I’m scared. I am also strong. Both emotions run parallel with each other. I’m under the care of incredible doctors and surrounded by love.”

It is not the first time the popular DJ has been through such difficult times. Pilgrim had already survived stage stage 4 testicular cancer in 1998 at the age of 18. The cancer had spread to his lungs and kidney, and he recalls that his oncologist said that his prognosis was “uncertain”. He endured 9 months of 4-hour chemotherapy sessions.

In 2008 he suffered heart damage from a massive myocardial infarction suffered in the doctor’s office, and last year he tested positive for COVID.

For patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSLC), the most common form of lung cancer, half present at stage 4. In one Canadian study, only 14.9% of patients received chemotherapy as first-line treatment, with most patients receiving palliative radiotherapy.

The Potential Dangers of ‘Harmless’ Herbal Supplements

Rhythm strip showing short runs of torsade de pointes and a markedly prolonged corrected QT interval. Credit: Heart Rhythm Case Reports

While herbal supplements may be natural, they may not always be harmless. In Heart Rhythm Case Reports, doctors report on a patient who experienced dizziness and fainting and was diagnosed with a dangerous cardiac arrhythmia after taking hemp oil containing CBD and CBG and berberine supplements.

“More and more people are taking herbal supplements for their potential benefits. Yet their ‘natural’ character can be misleading, since these preparations can have serious adverse side effects on their own or if combined with other supplements or medications,” said Elise Bakelants, MD, Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Geneva. “Their use should not be taken lightly, and dosing recommendations should always be respected.”

The reported case involves a 56-year-old woman who was admitted to the emergency department after experiencing dizziness and fainting without warning. She was diagnosed with a life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia after an ECG showed short runs of torsade de pointes, a rapid heartbeat originating in the ventricles, and a markedly prolonged QT interval, which means the heart’s electrical system takes longer than normal to recharge between beats.

Apart from low blood pressure, the patient’s physical examination and blood work were normal. The doctors were able to identify the cause as the herbal supplements she was taking to help her cope with a stressful work-life balance. She had started a regimen of six times the recommended dose of hemp oil four months earlier and had recently added berberine to the mix. All supplements were stopped during her hospital stay, resulting in a gradual decrease of her QT interval until it normalized after five days. At her three-month follow-up, she reported no new episodes of dizziness or fainting, and her ECG remained within normal range. With no other causative factors, her return to normal strongly validated that the diagnosis linked the supplements to the arrhythmia.

Herbal supplements has increased in popularity in recent years, especially those containing CBD (cannabidiol). Available without prescription, CBD has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antiepileptic, analgesic, anxiolytic, antipsychotic, and immunomodulatory properties. Supplied as raw material or as ready-to-use products (eg, cosmetics, tobacco substitutes, scented oils), it does not contain THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), which causes the psychotropic effect of cannabis. Therefore, it is not subject to control by drug regulatory agencies. Berberine, found in the roots, rhizomes, and stem bark of many medicinal plants, is frequently used in traditional Chinese and ayurvedic medicine to treat infections, diarrhoea, type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure.

The e preparation of herbal supplements is largely unregulated and are widely perceived as safe. Exact composition can vary greatly from one distributor to another, and the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of these substances are not well known. Limited data are available regarding their effectiveness, toxicity, and potential for interactions. As a result, it is not always possible to foresee their negative consequences.

Dr Bakelants cautioned patients and physicians to be aware of possible side effects, respect dosing recommendations and consider possible interactions with other medications, particularly in patients with underlying cardiac disease or those already taking QT-prolonging medication.

Source: EurekAlert!

How Do You Do, Fellow Kids? Making Anti-vaping Messaging Work

Vaping with an e-cigarette
Photo by Toan Nguyen on Unsplash

Effective anti-vaping advertisements geared to teens have the greatest impact when they emphasise the adverse consequences and harms of vaping e-cigarettes, use negative imagery, and avoid memes, hashtags and other ‘teen-centric’ communication styles, according to a first-of-its-kind study by researchers in the journal Tobacco Control.

The researchers also found that certain messaging content currently being used, especially sweets and flavour-related imagery, increases the appeal of vaping and should be avoided when designing prevention messages.

“E-cigarettes and vaping have become a major public health concern, with nicotine addiction and other harmful outcomes looming large for youth,” said Seth M. Noar, PhD, the paper’s corresponding author and UNC Lineberger professor. “The percentage of teens vaping increased from about 5% in 2011 to over 25% in 2019,” Prof Noar said. “That is an alarming trend, making an understanding of effective vaping prevention messages especially urgent.”

Since the introduction of e-cigarettes, numerous US health departments have created their own anti-vaping messaging geared to teens, as have national health organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

The online study asked 1501 teens to rate seven randomly selected vaping prevention ads from a pool of more than 200 ads. Vaping prevention ads that clearly communicated the health harms of vaping, or compared vaping to cigarette smoking, were comparatively more effective. Neutral or less personally relevant content, such as referencing the environmental impact of vaping or the targeting of youth by the tobacco industry, was less impactful.

“Although we anticipated that vaping prevention ads with neutral or pleasant imagery would not be as effective, we were alarmed to find that flavour-related messages actually heightened the attractiveness of vaping,” said Marcella H. Boynton, PhD, first author

“In retrospect, it stands to reason that by reminding teens about pleasurable aspects of e-cigarettes, even within the context of a prevention ad, we run the risk of doing harm. Notably, we found that flavour-related prevention ad content was associated with vaping appeal among both users and non-users of e-cigarettes, which is a good reminder of how much candy and fruit flavours in e-cigarettes have driven the youth vaping epidemic.”

The researchers hope to next investigate the effects of other types of anti-vaping ads on a wide range of audiences. They also are developing a series of messages and a companion website to test the ability of a text message-driven intervention to reduce youth vaping. In that regard, Prof Noar noted that “We have been developing our own evidence-based messages based on the latest science about the harms of vaping. Our messaging approach has been greatly influenced by the insights generated by this study.”

The study used UNC’s Vaping Prevention Resource, a website designed to provide practitioners, researchers and communities with vaping prevention media content from around the world, as well as strategies and resources for youth vaping prevention. It is the largest repository of free, open-access vaping prevention materials, all available for download at https://vapingprevention.org/.

Source: UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center

For Alzheimer’s, Old Dogs Can Teach Humans New Tricks

Photo by Pauline Loroy on Unsplash

Researchers have found that quantifiable changes can be measured in dogs suspected of suffering from cognitive decline: an approach that could serve as a model for evaluating cognitive decline progression in, and treatments for, humans with Alzheimer’s disease.

In dogs there is a similar condition to similar to Alzheimer’s disease in humans, canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CCDS). In CCDS, cognitive decline is associated with the development of amyloid plaques as well as cortical atrophy. CCDS is also challenging to diagnose. Traditionally, CCDS is diagnosed based on ruling out any obvious physical conditions and an owner’s answers to a questionnaire.

“One problem with the current approach is that questionnaires only capture a constellation of home behaviours,” explained Professor Natasha Olby, co-senior author of the paper. “There can be other reasons for what an owner may perceive as cognitive decline – anything from an undiagnosed infection to a brain tumour.”

Olby and co-senior author Assistant Professor Margaret Gruen, wanted to see if cognitive function could be accurately quantified in dogs.

“Our goal was to bring together multiple tools in order to get a more complete picture of how CCDS presents in dogs,” A/Prof Gruen said.

To accomplish this, they recruited 39 dogs from 15 breeds. All of them were in the senior and geriatric age range, but in good health overall. A dog is considered ‘senior’ if it is in the last 25% of its expected life span based on breed and size, and geriatric beyond that.

The dogs underwent physical and orthopaedic exams, as well as lab work that included a blood test that is a marker of neuronal death. Their owners filled out two commonly used diagnostic questionnaires, and then the dogs participated in a series of cognitive tests designed to assess executive function, memory and attention.

“The approach we took isn’t necessarily designed to be diagnostic; instead, we want to use these tools to be able to identify dogs at an early stage and be able to follow them as the disease progresses, quantifying the changes,” Prof Olby said.

The team found that cognitive and blood test results correlated well with the questionnaire scores, suggesting that a multi-dimensional approach can be used to quantify cognitive decline in aging dogs.

“Being able to diagnose and quantify CCDS in a way that is clinically safe and relevant is a good first step toward being able to work with dogs as a model for Alzheimer’s disease in humans,” Prof Olby said. “Many of the current models of Alzheimers disease – in rodents, for example – are good for understanding physiological changes, but not for testing treatments.”

“Dogs live in our homes and develop naturally occurring disease just like we do,” A/Prof Gruen said. “These findings show promise for both dogs and humans in terms of improving our understanding of disease progression as well as for potentially testing treatments.”

Source: North Carolina State University

People with Blue Eyes Share a Single Ancestor

Eye
Source: Daniil Kuzelev on Unsplash

New research published in Human Genetics shows that people with blue eyes trace their ancestry back to a single individual. Researchers tracked down a genetic mutation which took place 6–10 000 years ago and is the cause of the eye colour of all blue-eyed humans without albinism alive on the planet today.

While blue eyes evolved only once, blonde hair has evolved at least twice: in Melanesian populations, blonde hair evolved independently to European populations, involving a mutation in a different gene.

“Originally, we all had brown eyes,” said Professor Hans Eiberg from the University of Copenhagen. “But a genetic mutation affecting the OCA2 gene in our chromosomes resulted in the creation of a ‘switch’, which literally ‘turned off’ the ability to produce brown eyes.” The OCA2 gene codes for the P protein, which is involved melanin production. This ‘switch’, located in the gene next to OCA2, does not completely shut off production but instead is limited to reducing the production of melanin in the iris, effectively ‘diluting’ brown eyes to blue. The switch’s effect on OCA2 is very specific therefore. If the OCA2 gene is completely destroyed or turned off, albinism would be the result.

Eye colours from brown to green depend on the amount of melanin in the iris, but blue-eyed individuals only have a small degree of variation in the amount of melanin in their eyes. “From this we can conclude that all blue-eyed individuals are linked to the same ancestor,” said Professor Eiberg. “They have all inherited the same switch at exactly the same spot in their DNA.” Brown-eyed individuals, by contrast, have considerable individual variation in the area of their DNA that controls melanin production.

Professor Eiberg and his team studied mitochondrial DNA and compared the eye colour of blue-eyed individuals in countries as diverse as Jordan, Denmark and Turkey. His research stretches back to 1996, when he first implicated the OCA2 gene as being responsible for eye colour.

The mutation of brown to blue eyes does not confer any evolutionary advantage, as with others such as hair colour.

As Professor Eiberg explained, “it simply shows that nature is constantly shuffling the human genome, creating a genetic cocktail of human chromosomes and trying out different changes as it does so.”

Source: University of Copenhagen

Message Boards Showing Highway Death Toll Cause More Crashes

Driver at the wheel of a car
Photo by Why Kei on Unsplash

Displaying the highway death toll on message boards (eg, “1669 deaths this year on Texas roads”) is a common awareness campaign, but new research published in Science shows that it actually leads to more crashes.

Their study focuses on Texas, where officials chose to display these messages only one week each month. The researchers compared crash data from before the campaign to after it started as well as examined the weekly differences within each month during the campaign. They found:

  • There were more crashes during the week with fatality messaging compared to weeks without.
  • Displaying a fatality message caused a 4.5% in crashes in the 10km after the message boards. This increase is comparable to raising the speed limit 5–8kph or reducing highway police by 6–14%, according to previous research.
  • The researchers suggest this “in-your-face” messaging approach weighs down drivers’ “cognitive loads,” temporarily impacting their ability to respond to changes in traffic conditions.

“Driving on a busy highway [and] having to navigate lane changes is more cognitively demanding than driving down a straight stretch of empty highway,” said Assistant Professor Joshua Madsen. “People have limited attention. When a driver’s cognitive load is already maxed out, adding on an attention-grabbing, sobering reminder of highway deaths [can] become a dangerous distraction.”

Another finding was that the higher the number in the fatality message, the more harmful the effects. The number of additional crashes each month increased as the death toll accumulated throughout the year, with the most additional crashes occurring in January when the message stated the year’s total. Crashes were also found to increase in areas where drivers experienced higher cognitive loads, such as heavy traffic or driving past multiple message boards.

“The messages also increased the number of multi-vehicle crashes, but not single-vehicle crashes,” said Hall. “This is in line with drivers with increased cognitive loads making smaller errors due to distraction, like drifting out of a lane, rather than driving off the road.”

However, crashes were reduced when the displayed death tolls were low and when the message appeared where the highways were less complex. Madsen said this suggests that at times the messaging was not as taxing on drivers’ attention. However, alternative campaigns should be considered.

“Distracted driving is dangerous driving,” said Madsen. “Perhaps these campaigns can be reimagined to reach drivers in a safer way, such as when they are stopped at an intersection, so that their attention while driving remains focused on the roads.”

Source: University of Minnesota

Financial Rewards are an Effective Weight Loss Motivator

Bathroom scale
Photo by I Yunmai on Unsplash

A large scale weight loss programme conducted with Australia’s national science agency, CSIRO, has demonstrated that personal accountability coupled with financial rewards continue to be a key motivator for successful weight loss.

The report [PDF] analysed data from over 48 000 CSIRO Total Wellbeing Diet members, more than triple the sample size from the original study in 2018. The authors found that those who successfully claimed the financial incentive offered by the programme, managed a 28% greater weight loss than those members who did not claim it.

Financial reward claimants lost an average of 6.2kg (or 6.7% of their starting body weight), versus the 4.8kg (or 5.2% of starting body weight) lost by those who did not claim the financial reward.

CSIRO Research Scientist and report author Dr Gilly Hendrie said the research was telling evidence of how taking personal accountability by engaging in self-monitoring behaviours promoted healthy weight loss.

“It is encouraging to see the results of our study support other psychology and behavioural change research that self-accountability and financial incentives can have a meaningful impact on people’s weight loss success,” Dr Hendrie said. 

“Breaking unhealthy habits that have developed over a long time can be hard and it is easy to lose motivation if you are not seeing immediate results on the scales.

“We’ve found self-accountability activities like tracking your weight and taking progress photos can be positive for members to see the physical changes from one week to the next; it can give them the drive to stay on track and continue to form the healthy habits which will help them achieve their health goals,” she said.

In addition, two thirds of members who claimed the reward lost a clinically relevant amount of weight, more than 5% of their starting body weight, compared to half of the non-rewarded members.

“A five per cent reduction in body weight is proven to markedly lower the risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease and improve metabolic function in obese and overweight people,” Dr Hendrie said.

Programme participant Brian Thomas said he believes the refund reward was key to his 27 kg weight loss.

“The refund reward was not only a key motivator to me signing up, but it helped me achieve my weight loss goals and regain my health because it sets up the framework to do things you need to do to be successful,” Mr Thomas said.

“If I didn’t have to track my food for the refund reward, maybe I would never have got into the habit of tracking. Even now, three months after I received my refund, I’m still keeping up those behaviours. It’s allowed me to make positive changes to my own life and habits, and it has had a positive impact on my family.  Best of all it didn’t cost me a cent.”

The CSIRO Total Wellbeing Diet offers a financial reward equal to the cost of the program (AUS $199/R2 200) for people who complete the 12-week programme and follow the science-based criteria to make lifestyle changes for long-term weight loss. The criteria include weekly weigh-ins, uploading a photo to track progress, and using a food diary at least three times per week.

Source: CSIRO

WHO Condemns Attacks on Hospitals in Ukraine

Source: Pixabay CC0

On Sunday 13 March, the World Health Organization released a statement condemning recent attacks on hospitals and other healthcare facilities in Ukraine, which it called “horrific”. It also called for an immediate end of all such attacks, which are killing and injuring both patients and health care workers, as well as threatening vital health services.

“To attack the most vulnerable – babies, children, pregnant women, and those already suffering from illness and disease, and health workers risking their own lives to save lives – is an act of unconscionable cruelty,” the organisation said.

WHO’s Surveillance System for Attacks on Health Care (SSA) has documented 31 attacks on health care since the outset of the war that started with the Russian invasion on 24 February, now in its third week. These include 24 incidents of damage to or destruction of health care facilities, and five cases of ambulances.

In one incident, a maternity hospital was hit by a Russian air strike, causing three deaths including a child.

There have been 12 deaths and 34 injuries as a result of these attacks, and impaired access to and availability of essential health services, the WHO stated. Since attacks are ongoing, this is expected to continue.

The organisation also stresses that such attacks also directly impact the needs of vulnerable groups, and the health care needs of pregnant women, new mothers, younger children and older people inside Ukraine are rising even as violence curtails health care access.

“For example, more than 4,300 births have occurred in Ukraine since the start of war and 80 000 Ukrainian women are expected to give birth in next three months. Oxygen and medical supplies, including for the management of pregnancy complications, are running dangerously low,” the WHO statement read. WHO warned that Ukraine’s health care system is “clearly under significant strain” and a collapse would be a “catastrophe”. It stresses that “every effort must be made” to prevent this.

“International humanitarian and human rights law must be upheld, and the protection of civilians must be our top priority.

They call for international humanitarian and human rights laws to be upheld, with the protection of civilians as a top priority. Aid and health care workers must be able to continue and strengthen service delivery, and health services should be provided at border crossing, to provide prompt care and referral for children and pregnant people. Care should be unimpeded, with access to civilians in all areas of the conflict, and health care and services should be protected from attacks.

WHO stated that, in the wake of COVID’s huge strain, “such attacks have the potential to be even more devastating for the civilian population.” As such, it called for an urgent ceasefire.

“Finally, we call for an immediate ceasefire, which includes unhindered access so that people in need can access humanitarian assistance. A peaceful resolution to end the war in Ukraine is possible.”

Source: World Health Organization

SAMRC Honours Medical Scientists

Credit: South African Medical Research Council

On Thursday, March the 10th, the South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) honoured a selection of leading SA medical scientists and researchers at its 8th SAMRC Scientific Merit Awards at a hybrid event.

This year’s Presidential Award, which is awarded to scientists who have made exceptional lifelong contributions to medical research and public health, was bestowed upon Professor Koleka Mlisana, the country’s first black microbiologist. With over 40 years’ experience in health sciences, Prof Mlisana is the current executive manager of academic affairs, research, and quality assurance at the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) and Co-Chair of the COVID-19 Ministerial Advisory Committee (MAC). In the 1990s, she was one of the scientists investigating the unknowns of HIV. Her research focused on understanding the body’s response to acute HIV infection.

The Platinum Medal, for South Africans who have made seminal scientific contributions and who have also made an impact on health, especially for those living in developing countries, was awarded to Professor Andre Pascal Kengne. As a physician and an internationally renowned non-communicable diseases epidemiologist, his work focuses on cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. He is the current Director of the SAMRC’s Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit and holds conjoint appointments as Professor of Medicine at the University of Cape Town, as well as Extraordinary Professor of Global Health at Stellenbosch University.

In the Gold Medal category, which is for researchers who have made substantial and influential contributions that have impacted on health especially in the developing world, the awardees are Professors Tulio de Oliveira, Ntobeko Ntusi, Ambroise Wonkam and Grant Theron.

Silver Medals are conferred to emerging and upcoming scientists and those committed to capacity development. This year, the medal recipients are Professors Diane Gray, Marlo Moller, Rabia Johnson, and Dr Nasheeta Peer.

SAMRC President and CEO, Prof Glenda Gray said that scientific research remains fundamental for reducing the nation’s burden of disease and preventing mortality. “The knowledge produced by these exceptional scientists will carry our country’s legacy of science forward and continue to improve the lives of citizens as it is evident with COVID-19.” Their work shows the country’s ingenuity, she added, noting that “it was scientists in South Africa who first discovered and sounded the alarm on Omicron, which rapidly became the dominant variant of concern.”

Source: South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC)