Author: ModernMedia

Categories : Exercise NeurologyTags :

Workouts – or Disturbed Sleep – Impact Brain Activity Weeks Later

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Photo by Ketut Subiyanto on Pexels

In a rare, longitudinal study, researchers from Aalto University and the University of Oulu tracked one person’s brain and behavioural activity for five months using brain scans and data from wearable devices and smartphones. The results appear in PLOS Biology.

“We wanted to go beyond isolated events,” says research leader (and study participant) Ana Triana. “Our behaviour and mental states are constantly shaped by our environment and experiences. Yet, we know little about the response of brain functional connectivity to environmental, physiological, and behavioural changes on different timescales, from days to months.”

The study found that the brain does not respond to daily life in immediate, isolated bursts. Instead, brain activity evolves in response to sleep patterns, physical activity, mood, and respiration rate over many days. This suggests that even a workout or a restless night from last week could still affect the brain – and therefore attention, cognition and memory – well into next week.

The research also revealed a strong link between heart rate variability – a measure of the heart’s adaptability – and brain connectivity, particularly during rest. This suggests that impacts on the body’s relaxation response, like stress management techniques, could shape brain wiring even when not actively concentrating on a task. Physical activity was also found to positively influence the way brain regions interact, potentially impacting memory and cognitive flexibility. Even subtle shifts in mood and heart rate left lasting imprints for up to 15 days.

Study goes beyond a snapshot

The research is unusual in that few brain studies involve detailed monitoring over days and weeks. “The use of wearable technology was crucial,” says Triana. “Brain scans are useful tools, but a snapshot of someone lying still for half an hour can only show so much. Our brains do not work in isolation.”

Triana was herself the subject of the research, monitored as she went about her daily life. Her unique role as both lead author and study participant added complexity, but also brought firsthand insights into how best to maintain research integrity over several months of personalised data collection.  Data from the devices and twice-weekly brain scans were complemented by qualitative data from mood surveys. 

The researchers identified two distinct response patterns: a short-term wave lasting under seven days and a long-term wave up to 15 days. The former reflects rapid adaptations, like how focus is impacted by poor sleep, but it recovers quickly. The long wave suggests more gradual, lasting effects, particularly in areas tied to attention and memory. 

Single-subject studies offer opportunities for improving mental health care 

The researchers hope their innovative approach will inspire future studies that combine brain data with everyday life to help personalise mental health treatment. 

“We must bring data from daily life into the lab to see the full picture of how our habits shape the brain, but surveys can be tiring and inaccurate,” says study co-author, neuroscientist and physician Dr Nick Hayward. “Combining concurrent physiology with repeated brain scans in one person is crucial. Our approach gives context to neuroscience and delivers very fine detail to our understanding of the brain.”

The study is also a proof-of-concept for patient research. Tracking brain changes in real time could help detect neurological disorders early, especially mental health conditions where subtle signs might be missed.

“Linking brain activity with physiological and environmental data could revolutionise personalised healthcare, opening doors for earlier interventions and better outcomes,” says Triana.

Source: Aalto University

Categories : Cardiovascular Disease Regenerative MedicineTags :

Human Hearts may Possess a Latent Ability to Regenerate Cardiomyocytes

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Right side heart failure. Credit: Scientific Animations CC4.0

After severe heart failure, the ability of the heart to heal by forming new cells is very low. But now Karolinska Institutet researchers found that, after use of a supportive heart pump, the capacity of a damaged heart to repair itself with new cardiomyocytes becomes significantly higher – even greater than that of a healthy heart. This study is published in the journal Circulation.

The ability of the human heart to renew itself by regenerating its muscle cells, myocytes, is very limited. But what happens to this capability when the heart is damaged by severe heart failure has been unknown.

Researchers at Karolinska Institutet have now discovered that after an injury, the rate of cell renewal is even lower than in a healthy heart. Standard-of-care for patients with advanced heart failure is a surgically implanted pump that helps propel blood, a so-called left ventricular assist device (LVAD).

Kick-starting repair

Surprisingly, the researchers found that patients with such a heart pump, who have shown significant improvement in their heart function, can regenerate heart muscle cells at a rate more than six times higher than in healthy hearts.

“The results suggest that there might be a hidden key to kick-start the heart’s own repair mechanism”, says Olaf Bergmann, senior researcher at the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology at Karolinska Institutet and last author of the paper.

The mechanism behind the effect is still unknown and there is not yet any hypothesis to explain it.

“It is difficult to say. In the existing data we cannot find an explanation for the effect, but we will now continue to study this process at a cellular and molecular level,” says Olaf Bergmann.

The findings open the possibility of developing new therapies for patients with serious heart conditions that stimulate the heart’s ability to repair itself after damage. This way, patients wouldn’t have to rely only on heart transplants or other kinds of long-term mechanical support.

“This offers some hope that the recovery after a heart incident can somehow be boosted,” says Olaf Bergmann.

Atomic bombs enable cell age estimation

It is generally difficult to determine the age of cells in the human body and to decide which cells are new and which are old. However, by using a method earlier devised by Jonas Frisén, professor of stem cell research at Karolinska Institutet, the group has been able to count the rate of renewal of myocytes in the heart. The method is based upon the fact that the percentage of radioactive carbon in the atmosphere, and subsequently in our cells, has steadily decreased since the nuclear test ban in 1963. For every following year, there is a little less radioactivity in newly formed cells, which means that they can be ‘dated’. 

Source: Karolinska Institute

Categories : Cardiovascular DiseaseTags :

Tirzepatide Found to Protect against Worsening Heart Failure

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Right side heart failure. Credit: Scientific Animations CC4.0

The diabetes drug tirzepatide can reduce the risk of death or worsening heart failure for patients with heart failure, preserved heart pump function and obesity, new research from UVA Health reveals.

Researchers tested the GLP-1 receptor agonist in the SUMMIT clinical trial, where a total of 731 patients with diastolic heart failure and a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or above were randomised to receive injections of either tirzepatide or a harmless placebo. The researchers then followed the patients for a median period of two years. Tirzepatide is also prescribed as a weight loss drug in certain countries.

During that time, 56 placebo recipients died or suffered worsening heart failure, compared with only 36 of those receiving tirzepatide. Participants taking tirzepatide also lost 11.6% of their body weight.

“This class of drugs continue to show benefits far beyond weight loss,” said researcher Christopher Kramer, MD, chief of UVA Health’s Division of Cardiovascular Medicine. “This drug will become an important part of the armamentarium for patients with obesity-related heart failure and preserved heart function.”

Obesity and heart failure

Obesity is a major contributing factor to heart failure, so Kramer and his collaborators in the SUMMIT trial wanted to see if tirzepatide, a weight-loss drug already approved by the federal Food and Drug Administration, could help. 

The trial found that tirzepatide offered substantial benefits for managing diastolic heart failure, reducing deaths, preventing hospitalizations and generally benefiting recipients’ health and quality of life. For example, recipients saw improvements in how far they could walk in six minutes, as well as substantial decreases in a biological indictor used to measure inflammation and predict risk of serious cardiovascular events.

Side effects seen in the tirzepatide group consisted of gastrointestinal issues such as nausea and diarrhea, and these were mostly mild or moderate, the researchers reported Saturday at a meeting of the American Heart Association in Chicago.

Tirzepatide Findings

Kramer, a cardiovascular imager, also led a magnetic resonance imaging substudy looking at how tirzepatide affected recipients’ heart structure and function. The researchers found beneficial reductions in both left ventricular mass (weight of the heart) and in the amount of surrounding fat tissue. The reduction in LV mass correlated with the reduction in body weight, as well as with decreases in left ventricular volumes.

“This drug is reversing the abnormal properties of the heart brought on by obesity,” Kramer said. “There is much more to these drugs than weight loss alone.”

The findings from these studies by Kramer and his fellow researchers from SUMMIT are being published simultaneous with the American Heart meeting in Chicago in four separate manuscripts, including the New England Journal of Medicine, Nature Medicine, Circulation and the Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

Source: University of Virginia Health System

Categories : General Interest Obstetrics & GynaecologyTags :

Researcher Discovers Ancient Egyptian Mugs Contained Hallucinogens

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(a) Drinking vessel in shape of Bes head; El-Fayūm Oasis, Egypt; Ptolemaic-Roman period (4th century BCE − 3rd century CE), (courtesy of the Tampa Museum of Art, Florida). (b) Bes mug from the Ghalioungui collection, 10.7 × 7.9 cm (Ghalioungui, G. Wagner 1974, Kaiser 2003, cat. no. 342). (c) Bes mug inv. no. 14.415 from the Allard Pierson Museum, 11.5 × 9.3 cm (courtesy of the Allard Pierson Museum, Amsterdam; photo by Stephan van der Linden). (d) Bes mug from El-Fayum, dimensions unknown (Kaufmann 1913; Kaiser 2003, cat. no. 343). Credit: Scientific Reports, 2024

The first-ever physical evidence of hallucinogens in an Egyptian mug has been found, validating written records and centuries-old myths of ancient Egyptian rituals and practices. Through advanced chemical analyses, University of South Florida professor Davide Tanasi examined one of the world’s few remaining Egyptian Bes mugs.

Such mugs, including the one donated to the Tampa Museum of Art in 1984, are decorated with the head of Bes, an ancient Egyptian god or guardian demon worshiped for protection, fertility, medicinal healing and magical purification. Published in Nature’s Scientific Reports, the study sheds light on an ancient Egyptian mystery: The secret of how Bes mugs were used about 2000 years ago. 

“There’s no research out there that has ever found what we found in this study,” Tanasi said. “For the first time, we were able to identify all the chemical signatures of the components of the liquid concoction contained in the Tampa Museum of Art’s Bes mug, including the plants used by Egyptians, all of which have psychotropic and medicinal properties.”

The presence of Bes mugs in different contexts over a long period of time made it extremely difficult to speculate on their contents or roles in ancient Egyptian culture.

“For a very long time now, Egyptologists have been speculating what mugs with the head of Bes could have been used for, and for what kind of beverage, like sacred water, milk, wine or beer,” said Branko van Oppen, curator of Greek and Roman art at the Tampa Museum of Art. “Experts did not know if these mugs were used in daily life, for religious purposes or in magic rituals.”

Several theories about the mugs and vases were formulated on myths, but few of them were ever tested to reveal their exact ingredients until the truth was extracted layer by layer.

Tanasi, who developed this study as part of the Mediterranean Diet Archaeology project promoted by the USF Institute for the Advanced Study of Culture and the Environment, collaborated with several USF researchers and partners in Italy at the University of Trieste and the University of Milan to perform chemical and DNA analyses. With a pulverised sample from scraping the inner walls of the vase, the team combined numerous analytical techniques for the first time to uncover what the mug last held.

The new tactic was successful and revealed the vase had a cocktail of psychedelic drugs, bodily fluids and alcohol – a combination that Tanasi believes was used in a magical ritual re-enacting an Egyptian myth, likely for fertility. The concoction was flavoured with honey, sesame seeds, pine nuts, liquorice and grapes, which were commonly used to make the beverage look like blood.

“This research teaches us about magic rituals in the Greco-Roman period in Egypt,” Van Oppen said. “Egyptologists believe that people visited the so-called Bes Chambers at Saqqara when they wished to confirm a successful pregnancy because pregnancies in the ancient world were fraught with dangers. So, this combination of ingredients may have been used in a dream-vision inducing magic ritual within the context of this dangerous period of childbirth.”

“Religion is one of the most fascinating and puzzling aspects of ancient civilizations,” Tanasi said. “With this study, we’ve found scientific proof that the Egyptian myths have some kind of truth and it helps us shed light on the poorly understood rituals that were likely carried out in the Bes Chambers in Saqqara, near the Great Pyramids at Giza.”

The Bes mug is on display now at the Tampa Museum of Art and can be viewed in the exhibition, “Prelude: An Introduction to the Permanent Collection.” View a 3D model of the Bes mug produced by the USF Institute for Digital Exploration.

Categories : Diet and Nutrition Obstetrics & GynaecologyTags :

Many not Getting Enough Nutrients in Their Pregnancy, Study Finds

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Source: Pixabay CC0

It’s generally estimated that around 10% of pregnant people struggle to meet their nutritional needs – but the real number could be far higher, according to new research in The Journal of Nutrition.

Over 90% of pregnant individuals are potentially failing to get enough iron, vitamin D, or vitamin E from the food they eat, while over one-third could be short of calcium, vitamin C, and vitamin A. Troublingly, almost two-thirds of pregnant people were also found to be getting insufficient dietary folate – a critical nutrient that helps prevent birth defects in the baby’s brain and spine.

“It’s important to remember that many pregnant people take prenatal vitamin supplements, which might help prevent nutritional deficiencies,” says lead author Dr Samantha Kleinberg, professor at Stevens Institute of Technology. “Nonetheless, this is a startling finding that suggests we need to be looking much more closely at whether pregnant individuals are getting the nutrients they need.”

Where most previous studies of nutrition during pregnancy relied on a few days of food diaries, or on simply asking people what they remembered eating, the Stevens team asked pregnant people to take before-and-after photos of everything they ate over two 14-day periods. Experts then reviewed the photos to assess the amount of food actually eaten and determine the nutrients consumed during each meal.

That’s a far more accurate approach, because people are notoriously bad at estimating portion size or accurately reporting what they’ve eaten, Dr Kleinberg explains. A photo-based approach is also much less laborious for pregnant people, making it easy to collect data over a period of weeks instead of just a few days.

“Most surveys only track diet over a day or two – but if you feel off one day and don’t eat much, or have a big celebratory meal over the weekend, that can skew the data,” Dr Kleinberg says. “By looking at a longer time period, and using photos to track diet and nutrition, we’re able to get a much richer and more precise picture of what people actually ate.”

The study found significant dietary variations between individuals, but also among the same individuals from one day to the next, suggesting that shorter studies and population-based reports might be failing to spot important nutritional deficits. “Some people eat really well, and others don’t – so if you just take an average, it looks like everything’s fine,” Dr Kleinberg explains. “This study suggests that in reality, an alarming number of pregnant people may not be getting the nutrients they need from their food.”

Using food photos also recorded the exact timing of meals and snacks, and to explore the way that patterns of eating behaviour correlated with total energy and nutrient intake. When pregnant people ate later in the day, the data shows, they were likely to consume significantly more total calories – potentially an important finding as researchers explore connections between eating behaviours and health problems such as gestational diabetes.

The current research didn’t directly study health outcomes, so it’s too early to say whether insufficient nutrition or excessive energy consumption is adversely impacting pregnant individuals or their babies. “We’ll be digging into that in future studies, and looking at possible connections with eating patterns and changes in glucose tolerance,” Dr Kleinberg says.

Source: Stevens Institute of Technology

Categories : Metabolic DisordersTags :

New Study Investigates How Jetlag can Disrupt Metabolism

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Photo by Andrea Piacquadio: https://www.pexels.com/photo/young-man-in-sleepwear-suffering-from-headache-in-morning-3771115/

A new study from the University of Surrey and the University of Aberdeen has found that disruptions to our body clock, such as those experienced during jetlag, impact our metabolism – but to a lesser extent than sleepiness and the primary clock in the brain. 

Led by Professor Jonathan Johnston at the University of Surrey and Professor Alexandra Johnstone at the University of Aberdeen, the research involved a controlled experiment where participants experienced a 5-hour delay in their bedtime and mealtimes.  

The study, published on iScience, highlights that the time shifts lead to: 

  • Reduced energy spent processing meals. 
  • Changes in blood sugar and fat levels. 
  • Slower release of breakfast contents from the stomach. 

These metabolic effects were temporary, however, and mostly recovered within 2-3 days of the 5-hour time delay. This was in marked contrast to the main clock in the brain, plus feelings of sleepiness and alertness, which had not recovered within 5 days of the 5-hour time delay. 

Our research underscores the importance of maintaining a consistent sleep schedule, particularly in our fast-paced world in which long trips and shift work are ever so common. Even a small time shift can impact many aspects of metabolism, but it now seems that metabolic consequences of jetlag recover far more quickly than impairment of sleep and alertness. Understanding the impact of circadian rhythms on our health can help us make informed choices about our lifestyle. By optimising our sleep and eating patterns, we can improve our overall wellbeing. 

Professor Jonathan Johnston, Professor of Chronobiology and Integrative Physiology

Source: University of Surrey

Categories : Metabolic Disorders Neurodegenerative DiseasesTags :

Long-term Study Finds Link between Earlier Diabetes Diagnosis and Dementia Risk

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Photo by Nataliya Vaitkevich on Pexels

People diagnosed with type 2 diabetes at a younger age are at a higher risk for developing dementia than those diagnosed later in life, according to a study led by researchers at the NYU Rory Meyers College of Nursing. The findings, published in PLOS ONE, show that the increased risk is especially pronounced among adults with obesity.

“Our study suggests that there may be cognitive consequences to earlier onset type 2 diabetes, and it points to the need for strategies to prevent dementia that consider both diabetes and obesity,” said Xiang Qi, assistant professor at NYU Meyers and the study’s first author.

Type 2 diabetes is a known risk factor for dementia. Although the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, scientists think that some of the hallmarks of diabetes, such as high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and inflammation, may encourage the development of dementia in the brain.

While type 2 diabetes was once a disease of older adults, it is increasingly prevalent among younger individuals: one in five people with type 2 diabetes worldwide is under 40 years old.

To understand how the timing of a type 2 diabetes diagnosis relates to dementia risk, the research team analyzed data from 2002 to 2016 in the Health and Retirement Study, a longitudinal study conducted by the University of Michigan Institute for Social Research. The PLOS ONE study included 1213 US adults aged 50 and over with type 2 diabetes confirmed by blood tests, without dementia at baseline. Following participants for up to 14 years, 216 (17.8%) developed dementia based on follow-up telephone interviews.

The researchers found that adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes at younger ages were at increased risk for developing dementia, compared to those diagnosed at 70 years or older. Adults diagnosed with diabetes before age 50 were 1.9 times as likely to develop dementia as those diagnosed at 70 and older, while those diagnosed between 50–59 years were 1.72 times as likely and those diagnosed between 60–69 years were 1.7 times as likely.

Using linear trend tests, the researchers found a graded association between age at diagnosis and dementia risk: for each year younger a person is at the time of their type 2 diabetes diagnosis, their risk for developing dementia increases by 1.9%.

“While we do not know for sure why an earlier diabetes diagnosis would increase the risk for dementia, prior studies show that people diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in mid-life may experience more vascular complications, poor blood sugar control, and insulin resistance – all of which are known risk factors for cognitive impairment,” said Bei Wu, the Dean’s Professor in Global Health and vice dean for research at NYU Meyers and the study’s senior author.

In addition, obesity appeared to influence the relationship between type 2 diabetes and dementia. Individuals with obesity who were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes before age 50 had the highest dementia risk in the study.

The researchers note that this greater understanding of the connection between diabetes onset, obesity, and dementia may help inform targeted interventions to prevent dementia.

“Our study highlights the importance of one’s age at diabetes diagnosis and suggests that specifically targeting obesity – whether through diet and exercise or perhaps medication – may play a role in staving off dementia in younger adults with diabetes,” said Wu.

Source: New York University

Categories : Expert OpinionTags :

Navigating the Road to Universal Health Coverage in South Africa

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By Dr Reno Morar, Director: Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nelson Mandela University

Dr Reno Morar

Johannesburg, 20 November: As Director of the newly established Medical School in the Faculty of Health Sciences at Nelson Mandela University, I am honoured to lead South Africa’s tenth and youngest medical school. Our medical students exude an infectious spirit of hope and enthusiasm as we progress toward graduating our first cohort of Mandela Doctors in 2026.

As we navigate our journey at the medical school and within the Faculty, our goal is to successfully graduate composite health professionals who are equipped to serve our communities.

This journey is inextricably linked to a larger national goal: achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) for South Africa.

With the signing of the National Health Insurance (NHI) Act into law, South Africa stands at a pivotal moment in its healthcare journey. Achieving UHC promises equitable access to quality healthcare for all South Africans, regardless of income or location. But transforming this vision of UHC into reality requires much more than policy reflected in the NHI, it calls for robust planning, thoughtful resource allocation, and, above all, collaboration across sectors.

Our nation’s medical schools and higher education and training institutions are essential to the UHC journey in their support of South African’s human resources for health strategy. This strategy provides a foundation for advancing universal health coverage by ensuring healthcare professionals are appropriately trained to meet the demands of a redefined healthcare system.

These institutions play an instrumental role in building a workforce ready to support the NHI system. Lessons from our response to the recent COVID-19 pandemic have already shown us the power of unity; as we move forward, this spirit of collaboration between the public and private sectors will be crucial in shaping a resilient and inclusive healthcare system that can achieve UHC.

The NHI Act sets out to provide universal access to quality healthcare services, bridging disparities and delivering equitable access to essential services for all South Africans. However, the path to UHC is about more than access, it requires quality, efficiency, and sustainability across a restructured healthcare landscape.

Photo by Hush Naidoo Jade Photography on Unsplash

The government’s role here is pivotal – responsible leadership, resource allocation, and effective oversight are critical to building public confidence. This transition poses complex governance and constitutional challenges.

Implementing the NHI Act requires establishing new accountability mechanisms, redefining roles, and reassessing funding streams. Addressing these structural challenges – especially in under-resourced and underserved regions – demands both strategic mindset and practical capacity to adapt quickly to evolving needs.

Many of South Africa’s rural and township communities face significant shortages in healthcare resources and access to quality services. For NHI to succeed in these settings, dedicated efforts in providing adequate healthcare infrastructure and equipment, staffing, and strong governance and leadership are essential.

Achieving the ambitious goals of NHI without a solid foundation in governance and accountability would be a costly misstep. The success of NHI demands careful, evidence-based planning with clear goals and accountability.

This approach will require decades of commitment, with the understanding that universal healthcare frameworks often take generations to mature fully. NHI will not be a quick fix, but with meticulous preparation, it has the potential to become a sustainable, far-reaching health system intervention.  

Government planning must also account for the rapidly changing landscape of healthcare needs and technology. South Africa’s healthcare system must prepare not only for current demands but also for future challenges, including digital healthcare infrastructure and data security.

Protecting patient information and ensuring uninterrupted services is paramount in a digital age where data breaches are a constant risk. Recent experiences with cybersecurity issues in the National Health Laboratory Services underscore the importance of proactive measures in this domain.

The pandemic has taught us the power of unity in times of crisis. During COVID-19, South Africa’s public and private healthcare sectors demonstrated resilience, adaptability, and a shared commitment to public health. This partnership was instrumental in resource-sharing, patient care, and vaccine distribution.

It serves as a powerful reminder that as the NHI system is implemented over the next 10 to15 years, the system will benefit from a collaborative model where the expertise and resources of the private and public sectors complement each other in the public interest and wider community access.  

Collaboration between the public and private sectors must focus on expanding healthcare infrastructure, enhancing service delivery in underserved areas, and integrating innovative technologies for more efficient patient care. By working together, public and private sectors can foster a healthcare environment that maximises strengths and mitigates gaps in service. 

To sustain the implementation of the NHI system, South Africa needs healthcare professionals equipped to handle both the scope and scale of this vision. Medical and health professions education must adapt and evolve to meet these challenges, training future healthcare providers not only in clinical skills but also in adaptability, empathy, and resilience.

At Nelson Mandela University’s Faculty of Health Sciences, we prioritise these qualities, embedding community-based learning and problem-solving into our curriculum to prepare graduates for a diverse and demanding healthcare landscape.

Students experience firsthand the disparities within South Africa’s healthcare system, and this allows our students to develop the necessary understanding of the realities their future patients face.

Our programme equips them to work in a wide array of settings – from rural clinics with limited resources to state-of-the-art urban facilities. This holistic training ensures our graduates are capable of addressing the multifaceted healthcare challenges with the empathy and innovation necessary to serve our communities across South Africa.

The journey toward UHC and the implementation of NHI system is both inspiring and challenging. It is a bold declaration of South Africa’s commitment to affordable universal access to quality health care services, healthcare equity – and must be approached with open eyes and a steady hand.

Our success will depend on a combination of strategic planning, effective governance, and a commitment to collaboration across sectors.

South Africa has a unique opportunity to build a healthcare system that is equitable and resilient. By prioritising these foundational steps, we can pave the way for a healthcare system that genuinely serves all South Africans, one that fulfils the promise of our constitution and reflects the spirit of our democracy. The future of our healthcare system is within our hands, but only if we approach it with responsibility, collaboration, and a deep commitment to the well-being of all our people.

It will be an intensely proud South African moment when we graduate our first 45 Mandela Doctors from our medical school in 2026! As South Africans, we also want to be proudly South African about the health system we build for and with our people. 

Categories : DermatologyTags :

A New Insight into the Mechanisms of Epidermal Renewal

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Picture by Macrovector on Freepik

The mechanisms underlying skin renewal are still poorly understood, but interleukin-38 (IL-38), a protein involved in regulating inflammatory responses, could provide insights. Researchers observed it for the first time in the form of condensates in keratinocytes, the cells of the epidermis. The presence of IL-38 in these aggregates is enhanced close to the skin’s surface exposed to atmospheric oxygen. This process could be linked to the initiation of programmed keratinocyte death, a natural process in the epidermis. This study, from University of Geneva (UNIGE) researchers, could bring new perspectives for the study of human epidermis and the illnesses that affect it.

Renewal of the epidermis relies on stem cells located in its lowest layer, which constantly produce new keratinocytes. These new cells are then pushed to the surface, differentiating along the way and accumulating protein condensates. Once they reach the top of the epidermis, they undergo a programmed death, cornification, to create a protective barrier of dead cells.

“The way in which the epidermis constantly renews itself is well documented. However, the mechanisms that drive this process are still not fully understood,” explains Gaby Palmer-Lourenço, associate professor at the Faculty of medicine of UNIGE and principal investigator. The study is published in the journal Cell Reports.

An unexpected role

Interleukin 38 is a small messenger protein that ensures communication between cells. It is known for its role in regulating inflammatory responses and its presence in keratinocytes, the cells of the epidermis, was previously associated with the preservation of the skin’s immune balance. “In keratinocytes in vivo, we found that IL-38 forms condensates, specialized protein aggregates with specific biochemical functions, a behavior that was not known for this protein,” recounts Gaby Palmer-Lourenço. Even more curious, the closer the keratinocytes were to the surface of the skin, the greater the amount of IL-38 within these condensates.

A reaction to oxidative stress

Blood vessels stop in the skin layer located below the epidermis. Therefore, the quantity of oxygen available for the keratinocytes is lower in the basal layers of the epidermis compared to the top layers that are directly exposed to the air that surrounds us. However, even though it is necessary to maintain cell functions, oxygen also causes oxidative stress by forming free radicals, reactive molecules that endanger the cell. “We were able to show that oxidative stress does indeed cause IL-38 condensation under laboratory conditions,” confirms Alejandro Díaz-Barreiro, postdoctoral fellow at the UNIGE Faculty of medicine, and first author of the study.

“Our results lead us to believe that, as we move closer to the epidermal surface, the increasing oxygen concentration promotes the formation of protein condensates, indicating to keratinocytes that they are in the right place to enter cell death,” furthers Gaby Palmer-Lourenço. This hypothesis provides new leads to decipher the mechanisms of epidermal renewal. It could also pave the way for a better understanding of the pathological mechanisms underlying certain skin diseases, such as psoriasis or atopic dermatitis. These questions will be further examined by the research group in future studies.

Contributing to an alternative to animal models

Alejandro Díaz-Barreiro is already working on the next step: “In the model we used previously, the effects of oxidative stress were artificially induced in a single layer of keratinocytes, a scenario that differs from the actual situation in the skin. We are therefore developing a new experimental system to apply oxygen gradients to in vitro reconstituted human epidermis. In this model, only the skin surface will be exposed to ambient air, while the other layers will be protected. This will allow us to study in detail the effect of oxidative stress on epidermal renewal.” By enabling a more precise analysis of human cells, this new system will provide an alternative to animal models often used for the study of skin biology and disease.

Source: Université de Genève

Categories : Medical Industry VaccinesTags :

From Vision to Reality: mRNA Technology Transfer Programme Building Sustainable Vaccine Manufacturing Ecosystems in LMICs

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Source: Unsplash CC0

The groundbreaking mRNA Technology Transfer Programme, launched in 2021, has achieved what was once unthinkable: from zero mRNA manufacturing capabilities in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in 2020, the initiative is positioned towards establishing 11 state-of-the-art good manufacturing practices (GMP) certified mRNA manufacturing facilities across 10 countries by 2030 and a further five facilities following later.

With all manufacturers in the Programme working on R&D across various diseases, this network is designed to meet the Global South’s R&D and mRNA vaccine needs. It stands ready to respond to any future pandemic to secure mRNA vaccine access across continents.

The transformative Programme, established by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Medicines Patent Pool (MPP), works with the South African Consortium, Afrigen, Biovac, the South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), and the Department of Science and Innovation and programme partners in Kenya, Brazil, Indonesia, India, Egypt, Nigeria, Ukraine, Bangladesh, Senegal, Tunisia, Serbia, Pakistan, Vietnam, and Argentina. 

The Programme, support by South Africa, France, Belgium, Canada, the European Union, Germany, Norway, and the ELMA Foundation, has propelled LMICs to the forefront of pandemic preparedness. It represents an unprecedented global effort to ensure equitable health solutions, enabling LMICs to respond rapidly and independently to global health crises. 

Charles Gore, Executive Director of the Medicines Patent Pool, stated, “From a standing start in 2020, the Programme’s growth has been nothing short of remarkable. After successfully developing a COVID-19 vaccine as proof of concept, the Programme is now expanding to address many other diseases relevant to LMICs. We are now poised to establish a sustainable mRNA vaccine production capacity that will benefit millions across the Global South, truly redefining what health equity can look like on a global scale.”

In a significant step forward, Sinergium Biotech is researching a human avian influenza (H5N1) mRNA vaccine candidate, and four R&D consortia have been formed in Southeast Asia, with more expected across other regions. The vaccines developed through this initiative will be shared across participating LMICs.

A map of the world with colored arrows and colored dots Description automatically generated

Unprecedented Capacity for Pandemic Preparedness and Resilience

With the manufacturing companies across four continents all based in LMICs, the Programme has fundamentally altered the mRNA vaccine production landscape. The initiative is projected to yield at least 60 million doses annually by 2030, with the potential to scale up to larger volumes that could supply up to two billion doses in the event of a declared pandemic. Leveraging future dose-reduction technologies, the Programme would have the capacity to cover all the mRNA vaccine requirements of the Global South.

As of December 2024, the mRNA Technology Transfer Programme has made significant progress, with nearly all site assessments completed. Half of the participating manufacturers have finalised their technology plans, with the remaining plans scheduled for completion by December 2025. Over a quarter of these manufacturers will have successfully received the technology platform transfer from Afrigen by the end of 2024, with the rest to be completed in 2025, marking an important milestone in the Programme. By December 2026, all manufacturing partners are expected to have demonstrated the technology at their respective sites, culminating in the full transfer of mRNA technology across all participants.

Prof. Petro Terblanche, CEO of Afrigen, highlighted, “The mRNA Programme has not only achieved our initial goals but exceeded them in every way. Afrigen’s work with our global partners has shown that LMICs can lead in R&D and manufacturing, transforming healthcare outcomes from diseases that affect the Global South. This Programme yet again demonstrates the power of partnerships and global collaborations.”

Dr Martin Friede, Coordinator at WHO, emphasised, “This mRNA Technology Transfer Programme exemplifies the power of collaboration in global health. We are delighted that WHO and the partners have signed an MOU with Prof Drew Weissman of the University of Pennsylvania to promote R&D of mRNA products for public health. We hope other institutions will also follow and share knowhow. We are committed to securing the necessary support to see these efforts through so that LMICs have the scientific and material resources to maintain this unprecedented level of pandemic preparedness.”

The Critical Role of Funding

Despite remarkable progress, additional funding is required to fully achieve the Programme’s ambition. An estimated US$200 million is needed to advance all manufacturers to GMP standards and continue to strengthen the R&D pipeline in support of at least 12 mRNA products currently in development. Encouragingly, Programme success has already attracted substantial catalytic co-investments. For example, for every dollar contributed by the Programme in the AFRO region, an estimated US$17 has been invested by regional stakeholders and other public health organisations.