Day: September 12, 2024

Categories : Mental HealthTags : Leave a comment

New Insights could Help Prevent Psychosis Relapses in Youth and Young Adults

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Photo by Andrew Neel on Unsplash

New findings from McGill University researchers could help clinicians understand the course of delusions in youth and young adults that signal the need for a timely intervention to prevent a full relapse of psychosis.

Delusions – strong beliefs that don’t align with commonly accepted reality – are a defining symptom of psychosis but are not sufficiently understood.

For the first time, researchers studied whether delusion themes, such as paranoia or grandiosity, stay the same or shift between psychotic episodes in youth and young adults undergoing early intervention treatment.

The importance of timely treatment

Notably, most patients did not relapse at all following their first episode, showing the efficacy of early intervention and highlighting the need for improved access, said the researchers. An estimated 75% of children with mental disorders do not use specialised treatment services, according to Youth Mental Health Canada.

“Early intervention is essential if we want to give young people the best chance at lasting recovery,” said lead author Gil Grunfeld, a recent master’s graduate from McGill’s Department of Psychiatry and a current doctoral student at Boston University.

Detecting patterns in delusions

The study, published in JAMA Psychiatry, found that in the less likely instances of relapse, patients almost always had the same type of delusion as their first episode.

“The return of similar narratives potentially suggests the mind may be reflecting the same patterns seen in earlier episodes,” said Grunfeld.

“Recognizing this pattern of delusions in those who go on to relapse could help clinicians understand the experience of their patients and adjust the care they provide,” said Dr Jai Shah, an Associate Professor in McGill’s Department of Psychiatry and a researcher at the Douglas Hospital Research Centre.

Delusions often persisted even as other symptoms improved, suggesting delusions may require different treatment strategies, he added.

“Delusions are often highly distressing and difficult to define, which makes closing the gap in research all the more crucial. There is a great deal of future work to be done,” said Grunfeld.

The researchers followed about 600 patients ages 14 to 35 for up to two years. All were receiving treatment at an early-intervention service for psychosis in Montreal.

Source: McGill University

Categories : Cancer New Compounds and TreatmentsTags : Leave a comment

Novel Glass-based Bone Cancer Therapy has a 99% Success Rate

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Photo by National Cancer Institute on Unsplash

Bioactive glasses, a filling material which can bond to tissue and improve the strength of bones and teeth, has been combined with gallium to create a potential treatment for bone cancer. Tests in labs have found that bioactive glasses doped with the metal have a 99% success rate of eliminating cancerous cells and can even regenerate diseased bones.

The research was conducted by a team of Aston University scientists led by Professor Richard Martin at the College of Engineering and Physical Sciences.

In laboratory tests 99% of osteosarcoma (bone cancer) cells were killed off without destroying non-cancerous normal human bone cells. The researchers also incubated the bioactive glasses in a simulated body fluid and after seven days they detected the early stages of bone formation. 

Gallium is highly toxic, and the researchers found that the ‘greedy’ cancer cells soak it up and self-kill, which prevented the healthy cells from being affected. Their research appears in the journal Biomedical Materials.

Osteosarcoma is the mostly commonly occurring primary bone cancer and despite the use of chemotherapy and surgery to remove tumours survival rates have not improved much since the 1970s. Survival rates are dramatically reduced for patients who have a recurrence and primary bone cancer patients are more susceptible to bone fractures. 

Despite extensive research on different types of bioactive glass or ceramics for bone tissue engineering, there is limited research on targeted and controlled release of anti-cancer agents to treat bone cancers.

Professor Martin said: “There is an urgent need for improved treatment options and our experiments show significant potential for use in bone cancer applications as part of a multimodal treatment.

“We believe that our findings could lead to a treatment that is more effective and localised, reducing side effects, and can even regenerate diseased bones.

“When we observed the glasses, we could see the formation of a layer of amorphous calcium phosphate/ hydroxy apatite layer on the surface of the bioactive glass particulates, which indicates bone growth.”
The glasses were created in the Aston University labs by rapidly cooling very high temperature molten liquids (1450°C) to form glass. The glasses were then ground and sieved into tiny particles which can then be used for treatment.  

In previous research the team achieved a 50% success rate but although impressive, this was not enough to be a potential treatment. The team are now hoping to attract more research funding to conduct trials using gallium.

Dr Lucas Souza, research laboratory manager for the Dubrowsky Regenerative Medicine Laboratory at the Royal Orthopaedic Hospital, Birmingham worked on the research with Professor Martin. He added: “The safety and effectiveness of these biomaterials will need to be tested further, but the initial results are really promising.

“Treatments for a bone cancer diagnosis remain very limited and there’s still much we don’t understand. Research like this is vital to support in the development of new drugs and new methodologies for treatment options.”

Source: Aston University

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Self-medicating Gorillas and Traditional Healers Provide Clues for New Drug Discovery

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Four plants eaten by gorillas, also used in Gabonese traditional medicine, have antibacterial effects

Four plants consumed by wild gorillas in Gabon and used by local communities in traditional medicine show antibacterial and antioxidant properties, find Leresche Even Doneilly Oyaba Yinda from the Interdisciplinary Medical Research Center of Franceville in Gabon and colleagues in a new study publishing September 11 in the open-access journal PLOS ONE.

Wild great apes often consume medicinal plants that can treat their ailments. The same plants are often used by local people in traditional medicine.

To investigate, researchers observed the behavior of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in Moukalaba-Doudou National Park in Gabon and recorded the plants they ate. Next, they interviewed 27 people living in the nearby village of Doussala, including traditional healers and herbalists, about the plants that were used in local traditional medicine. The team identified four native plant species that are both consumed by gorillas and used in traditional medicine: the fromager tree (Ceiba pentandra), giant yellow mulberry (Myrianthus arboreus), African teak (Milicia excelsa) and fig trees (Ficus). They tested bark samples of each plant for antibacterial and antioxidant properties and investigated their chemical composition.

The researchers found that the bark of all four plants had antibacterial activity against at least one multidrug-resistant strain of the bacterium Escherichia coli. The fromager tree showed “remarkable activity” against all tested E. coli strains. All four plants contained compounds that have medicinal effects, including phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins. However, it’s not clear if gorillas consume these plants for medicinal or other reasons.

Biodiverse regions, such as central Africa, are home to a huge reservoir of unexplored and potentially medicinal plants. This research provides preliminary insights about plants with antibacterial and antimicrobial properties, and the four plants investigated in this study might be promising targets for further drug discovery research – particularly with the aim of treating multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.

The authors add: “Alternative medicines and therapies offer definite hope for the resolution of many present and future public health problems. Zoopharmacognosy is one of these new approaches, aimed at discovering new drugs.”

Provided by PLOS

Categories : Cardiovascular DiseaseTags : Leave a comment

Throat Problems Could Impair Blood Pressure Regulation

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Source: Pixabay cc0

Patients with throat problems were less able to regulate their blood pressure in a new study published in JAMA Otolaryngology. The baroreflex is a crucial part of the autonomic nervous system which detects changes in blood pressure, adjusting heart rate and blood vessel tone accordingly to maintain stable blood pressure. It is what prevents fainting when standing up.

Researchers from the University of Southampton and University Hospitals of Dorset Foundation Trust believe the findings could be explained by the Vagas nerve (which controls the autonomic nervous system) prioritising protection of the airways over less urgent functions, such as blood pressure regulation.

“Our immediate survival depends on the throat being able to separate air and food passages each time we swallow,” says the lead author of the study Reza Nouraei, Professor of Laryngology and Clinical Informatics at the University of Southampton.

“The throat does this using delicate reflexes, but when these reflexes are disturbed, for example, due to a viral infection like Covid or exposure to reflux affecting nerves in this region, the control of this critical junction becomes compromised, giving rise to symptoms like the feeling of a lump in the throat, throat clearing and coughing.

“To compensate for a faulty throat, the autonomic control system must expend significant amounts of energy to maintain a safe airway. We found that in patients with a faulty throat, the heart, specifically a function called baroreflex, is less well controlled. This is one of the Peters that has been robbed to pay Paul.

“The problem with robbing this Peter is that it likely impacts long-term survival, as patients with reduced baroreflex function are more likely to die of a heart attack or stroke in years to come.”

The researchers compared the heart rates, blood pressure and baroreflex sensitivity of 23 patients admitted to Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) surgery with aerodigestive (laryngopharyngeal) symptoms and 30 patients admitted to Gastroenterology with digestive (oesophagogastric) symptoms at University Hospitals of Dorset NHS Foundation Trust.

Reflux was a common cause of symptoms in both groups – making up the majority of digestive group cases. Other causes like thinning of the vocal cord were present in the aerodigestive group.

The team found patients in the aerodigestive group had a higher resting heart rate, lower resting blood pressure, and lower baroreflex sensitivity, than those in the digestive group.

“Now, and especially since Covid which damages nerves, we are seeing more patients with throat symptoms,” says Professor Nouraei.

“Reduced baroreflex sensitivity impacts survival independent of other cardiovascular risks, so if the association we’ve discovered is confirmed by future studies, the need to make timely and accurate diagnoses and provide early and definitive treatments will become more pressing.”

The study adds to the increasing interest in the Vaus nerve and holistic health. As well as regulating blood pressure through the baroreflex, the Vagus nerve controls our heart rate, digestion, respiration, mood and a host of other bodily functions which affect our health and wellbeing.

Professor Nouraei says: “This study helps us to think about patients more holistically. As a clinician, if you can fix a problem in the throat that is potentially taking away bandwidth from the Vagus, then it frees up the nerve to give to the rest of the body.

“If there is a chance that throat problems can affect functions like the baroreflex, or have a wider impact on overall wellbeing, then they need more consideration.”

The researchers will now look at the long-term impacts of throat conditions on autonomic health and the effects of treatment.

Source: University of Southampton

Categories : Obstetrics & GynaecologyTags : Leave a comment

Sterilisation Rates Among Women in US Rose After Abortion Ruling

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Tubal sterilisation rates in states that banned, limited, or protected abortion access after Dobbs v Jackson Women’s Health decision, both before and after the decision. Source: Columbia University Irving Medical Center

Surgical sterilisation rates among women increased in the United States after a 2022 Supreme Court ruling (Dobbs vs Jackson Women’s Health) overturned the constitutional right to abortion, found researchers at Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons. The study was published September 11 in JAMA.

Surgical sterilisation – tying, cutting, or removing the fallopian tubes – is a highly effective but essentially irreversible method of preventing pregnancy.  

Before the Supreme Court decision, the rate of surgical sterilisation in the United States had declined from a peak in the mid-1970s as effective reversible contraceptive methods became more accessible.  

The study looked at the use of surgical sterilisation before and after the Dobbs decision among roughly 4.8 million women in 36 states and Washington, DC.  

In the first month after the ruling, sterilisation rates in all states included in the study increased from stable rates in the prior year and a half.  

In the six months after the ruling, surgical sterilizations continued to rise by 3% per month in states where abortion was banned after Dobbs. A similar but not statistically significant trend was seen in states that limited access to abortion after Dobbs; no further increase was seen in states that protected abortion access.

“Our study suggests that the Dobbs ruling and subsequent state laws banning or limiting access to abortion may affect a woman’s choice of contraception,” says Xiao Xu, a health outcomes researcher who led the study. “The findings also warrant attention because tubal sterilisation is an irreversible method of contraception.”

Source: Columbia University Irving Medical Center