Anticancer drugs delivered by a novel gel cured 100% of mice with glioblastoma, one of the deadliest and most common brain tumours in humans. The results are published today in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
“Despite recent technological advancements, there is a dire need for new treatment strategies,” said chemical and biomolecular engineer Honggang Cui, who led the research. “We think this hydrogel will be the future and will supplement current treatments for brain cancer.”
Cui’s John Hopkins University team combined an anticancer drug and an antibody in a solution that self-assembles into a gel to fill the tiny grooves left after a brain tumour is surgically removed. The gel can reach areas that surgery might miss and current drugs struggle to reach to kill lingering cancer cells and suppress tumour growth.
The gel also seems to trigger an immune response that a mouse’s body struggles to activate on its own when fighting glioblastoma. When the researchers rechallenged surviving mice with a new glioblastoma tumour, their immune systems alone beat the cancer without additional medication. The gel appears to not only fend off cancer but help rewire the immune system to discourage recurrence with immunological memory, researchers said.
Surgery is still necessary; applying the gel directly in the brain without surgical resection resulted in a 50% survival rate.
“The surgery likely alleviates some of that pressure and allows more time for the gel to activate the immune system to fight the cancer cells,” Cui said.
The gel solution consists of nano-sized filaments made with paclitaxel, an FDA-approved drug for breast, lung, and other cancers. The filaments provide a vehicle to deliver an antibody called aCD47. By blanketing the tumour cavity evenly, the gel releases medication steadily over several weeks, and its active ingredients remain close to the injection site.
By using that specific antibody, the team is trying to overcome one of the toughest hurdles in glioblastoma research. It targets macrophages, a type of cell that sometimes supports immunity but other times protects cancer cells, allowing aggressive tumour growth.
One of the go-to therapies for glioblastoma is a wafer developed in the 1990s, with the commercial name Gliadel. This FDA-approved, biodegradable polymer also delivers medication into the brain after surgical tumour removal.
Gliadel showed significant survival rates in laboratory experiments, but the results achieved with the new gel are some of the most impressive the Johns Hopkins team has seen, said Betty Tyler, a co-author and associate professor of neurosurgery at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine who played a pivotal role in the development of Gliadel.
“We don’t usually see 100% survival in mouse models of this disease,” Tyler said. “Thinking that there is potential for this new hydrogel combination to change that survival curve for glioblastoma patients is very exciting.”
The new gel offers hope for future glioblastoma treatment because it integrates anticancer drugs and antibodies, a combination of therapies researchers say is difficult to administer simultaneously because of the molecular composition of the ingredients.
“This hydrogel combines both chemotherapy and immunotherapy intracranially,” Tyler said. “The gel is implanted at the time of tumour resection, which makes it work really well.”
Johns Hopkins co-author Henry Brem, who co-developed Gliadel in addition to other brain tumour therapies currently in clinical trials, emphasised the challenge of translating the gel’s results in the lab into therapies with substantial clinical impacts.
“The challenge to us now is to transfer an exciting laboratory phenomenon to clinical trials,” said Brem, who is neurosurgeon-in-chief at Johns Hopkins Hospital.
Source: John Hopkins University
