A mouse study using both attenuated and inactivated forms of influenza has helped explain why people vaccinated with the inactivated virus still occasionally end up contracting the illness. The finding should help researchers develop vaccines that offer broad protection against viruses.
Influenza is a major global health burden, with the World Health Organization estimating that it causes one billion cases annually. Each year, vaccines are developed that offer some protection against infection. But the influenza virus is a moving target that is constantly mutating, and so vaccines can lose their effectiveness as a season progresses.
Influenza vaccines commonly come in two forms: inactivated vaccines (including component vaccines) and live attenuated vaccines. Live vaccines confer broader protection against variants than inactivated vaccines, but side effects such as fevers and headaches are more common. A result they have yet to be approved in some countries. Live vaccines induce the production of broadly reactive antibodies, but until now, scientists didn’t know why.
In a recent study, Masato Kubo of the RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences and his co-workers have discovered two processes that live vaccines induce in mice that together account for their broader protection.
They found that, like the virus itself, the live vaccine virus causes the virus to replicate deep in the lungs, which in turn induces a structural change in the virus haemagglutinin, a mushroom-shaped protein on the surface of the virus involved in infecting cells. This structural change exposes previously hidden regions of antigens that the immune system can recognise.
Next, germinal cells are activated by interleukin 4 (IL-4), a cytokine heavily involved in regulating antibody production. IL-4 is derived from special T cells known as follicular helper T cells. This activation causes a minor population of B cells to proliferate and it is these B cells that are responsible for generating broadly protective antibodies.
The role of IL-4 in inducing the broad immune response came as a surprise. “Until now there had been no direct evidence to show the importance of IL-4,” says Kubo. “That was one of the surprises of this study for me.”
“We believe both processes are needed for generating broadly active antibodies: viral duplication in the lungs and expansion of the minor population of B cells,” says Kubo. “These two processes mostly likely occur when a person is infected by the influenza virus itself.”
The team now plans to see if there are similar mechanisms for other viruses such as SARS-CoV-2.
Source: RIKEN
