A large study has found that women smoke fewer cigarettes than men but are less likely to quit.
Study author Ms Ingrid Allagbe, PhD student at the University of Burgundy, said: “In our study, women who used smoking cessation services had higher rates of overweight or obesity, depression, and anxiety compared to men and kicked the habit less often. Our findings highlight the need to provide smoking cessation interventions tailored to the needs of women.”
This study, presented at ESC Congress 2021, compared characteristics and abstinence rates of men and women visiting smoking cessation services between 2001 and 2018 in France, obtained from a nationwide database. The participants were smokers with at least one additional risk factor for cardiovascular disease: overweight/obese (body mass index [BMI] 25 kg/m² or above); high cholesterol; diabetes; high blood pressure; history of stroke, heart attack or angina.
Participants were classified as having mild, moderate, or severe nicotine dependence. Smoking abstinence (at least 28 consecutive days) was self-reported and confirmed by measurement of exhaled carbon monoxide less than 10 parts per million (ppm).
Participant height, weight, age, education level, chronic conditions, and number of cigarettes smoked each day were recorded. Participants were classified as having anxiety and depression symptoms or not according to their medical history, use of anti-anxiety medication or antidepressants, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).
A total of 37 949 smokers were included in the study, of whom 43.5% were women. The average age of women in the study was 48 years, while the average age of men was 51 years. More women (55%) reported a bachelor’s degree level of education or higher compared to men (45%).
Both men and women had a high burden of cardiovascular risk factors. High cholesterol was more common in men (33%) than women (30%), as was high blood pressure (26% vs 23%, respectively) and diabetes (13% vs 10%, respectively).
Women were more likely (27%) to be overweight or obese compared to men (20%), and more likely (37.5%) to have symptoms of anxiety or depression than men (26.5%). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was more common in women (24%) compared to men (21%) as was asthma (16% vs 9%, respectively).
However, women smoked fewer cigarettes per day (23) than men (27). Severe nicotine dependence was less common, 56% of women compared to 60% of men, and abstinence was less common in women (52%) than men (55%).
Ms Allagbe said: “The findings suggest that despite smoking fewer cigarettes and being less nicotine dependent than men, women find it more difficult to quit. Possible contributors could be the higher prevalence of anxiety, depression and overweight or obesity among women. It has previously been reported that women may face different barriers to smoking cessation related to fear of weight gain, sex hormones, and mood.”
She concluded: “The results indicate that comprehensive smoking cessation programmes are needed for women that offer a multidisciplinary approach involving a psychologist, dietitian, and physical activity specialist.”
Source: European Society of Cardiology
