Month: March 2021

Categories : COVID General InterestTags :

A Dozen Accounts Responsible for Majority of COVID Misinformation

On By ModernMedia
Photo by Connor Danylenko from Pexels

According to a report from the Center for Countering Digital Hate (CCDH), the majority of COVID and vaccine misinformation posts emanate from a dozen accounts.

Out of 812 000 anti-vaccine messages shared or posted on social media platforms between Feb 1 and March 16, 2021, 65% were attributed to just a handful of individuals, whom the report authors have dubbed the “Disinformation Dozen”, 13 users spread across 12 accounts (one of the accounts refers to a couple, Ty and Charlene Bollinger, who are alternative medicine activists).

Some of the individuals named include entrepreneur Joseph Mercola, author Robert F Kennedy Jr and chiropractor Ben Tapper, with the report including examples of the COVID misinformation that they shared on various social media platforms.

Mercola for example has shared his views on unproven COVID cures in various anti-vaxxer groups on Facebook, including one article saying “hydrogen peroxide treatment can successfully treat most viral respiratory illnesses, including coronavirus” getting 4600 shares.

The report notes that Robert Kennedy Jr often shares misinformation linked COVID vaccines to deaths, and his organisation, Children’s Health Defense, released a film in March that targeted American black and Latino communities with anti-vaccine messages. 

“According to our recent report, anti-vaccine activists on Facebook, YouTube, Instagram and Twitter reach more than 59 million followers, making these the largest and most important social media platforms for anti-vaxxers,” said CCDH CEO Imran Ahmed.

“Despite repeatedly violating Facebook, Instagram and Twitter’s terms of service agreements, nine of the Disinformation Dozen remain on all three platforms, while just three have been comprehensively removed from just one platform,” the report added.

To combat the disinformation problem, the CCDH urged social media companies to deplatform the Disinformation Dozen, along with key organisations associated with the 12 individuals.

In a statement to Engadet, Facebook took issue with the report, claiming that “it taken action against some of the group”. However, the report contends that Facebook’s algorithm struggle to identify COVID misinformation.

Source: The Star

Categories : NeurologyTags :

New Test Picks up Concussion Biomarkers in Saliva

On By ModernMedia

A new test has been found to effectively pick up concussion biomarkers in the saliva of rugby players.

This paves the way for a non-invasive, easy-to-use pitch-side test to rapidly detect concussions for early treatment. Concussion is a serious problem in contact sports, with players such as college American Football athletes consistently underestimating its risk. Missing a concussion can have a range of consequences, from delayed recovery to more serious (albeit rare) injuries such as traumatic brain swelling.

Detecting concussions requires an assessment by a clinician of the signs and symptoms of the injury. However, recent advances in DNA sequencing technology have made it possible to use small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) as biomarkers in rapid tests. sncRNAs regulate the expression of different cellular proteins associated with various diseases, such as cancer and Alzheimer’s disease.

t is thought that since saliva can receive cellular signals directly from the cranial nerves in the mouth and throat, biomarkers from a brain injury would quickly show up.

A panel of 14 sncRNAs differentiated concussed players from those where traumatic brain injury had been suspected but ruled out, and from the comparison group, both straight after the game and 36–48 hours later.

Over two seasons, samples were collected before the rugby season began from 1028 players from the two elite professional tiers, and during standardised ‘gold standard’ head injury assessments at three time points—during the game, afterwards, and 36–48 hours later from 156 of these players .

The researchers also took saliva samples from a comparison group of 102 uninjured players, as well as 66 with muscle or joint injuries, and so had not had head injury assessments.

However, the researchers stressed that the observational study nature and design of this study cannot show that the biomarker test is any better than a gold standard clinical test for concussion.

“In community sport, [sncRNAs] may provide a non-invasive diagnostic test that is comparable in accuracy to the level of assessment available in a professional sport setting,” while the test could be added to current head injury evaluation protocols at the elite level,” they add.

And as the biology of concussion is still not fully understood, sncRNAs might help to shed light on the response to injury as this evolves over time, they suggest.

“The detection of signatures of concussion at early time points in saliva (a non-invasively sampled biofluid) presents both at the pitch side, and in primary care and emergency medicine departments, an opportunity to develop a new and objective diagnostic tool for this common clinical presentation,” they conclude.

As an addendum to their findings, they added: “A patented salivary concussion test is in the process of being commercialized as an over-the-counter test for elite male athletes.

“Meanwhile our research team aims to collect further samples from players in two elite men’s rugby competitions to provide additional data to expand the test and develop its use. This will guide the prognosis and safe return to play after concussion and further establish how the test will work alongside the head injury assessment process.”

The researchers plan to add more participants to the SCRUM study, such as female athletes and community players.
Source: Medical Xpress

Journal information: Valentina Di Pietro et al. Unique diagnostic signatures of concussion in the saliva of male athletes: the Study of Concussion in Rugby Union through MicroRNAs (SCRUM), British Journal of Sports Medicine (2021). DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-103274

Categories : Mental HealthTags :

Implanting and Erasing False Memories

On By ModernMedia

A technique both to implant and false memories has been described by researchers.

False memories are a source of great confusion for neurologists and psychologists, but interest in them has greatly increased in the past three decades. They are believe to arise from a need for completeness in memory, as well as other factors such as wish fulfillment. Psychologists have demonstrated techniques to instil false memories in subjects, enabling the process to be studied. Such techniques have also been used to influence witnesses in criminal trials.

Functional MRI studies of false memories indicate the involvement of prefrontal cortex, particularly ventromedial and in the right hemisphere.
The method involves planting a suggestion that a plausible event happened, and then using a trusted source to back up the claim. The study used this method with 52 participants, creating plausible stories from their childhood and mixing in real events. The participants’ parents were asked to back up the memories of the false events, and over a number of sessions, many participants gradually began to believe the stories and some also produced false memories.

The researchers found that they could erase these memories by identifying the source of the false memory, then explaining to them how false memories can be created when people are asked to recall a memory several times.  

Interviewing the subjects a year later, the researchers found that 74% of them had either rejected the false memories or forgotten them.

Source: Medical Xpress

Journal information: Aileen Oeberst et al. Rich false memories of autobiographical events can be reversed, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2021). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2026447118

Categories : NeurologyTags :

‘Zombie’ Genes Lurch into Activity After Brain Death

On By ModernMedia

Researchers have found that genes in cells in recently harvested brain tissue remained active for up to 24 hours – and some ‘zombie’ genes even increased their expression.

Using recently harvested brain tissue as a surrogate for actual death, the researchers investigated the activity of genes.

Dr Jeffrey Loeb, the John S Garvin Professor and head of neurology and rehabilitation at the UIC College of Medicine and corresponding author on the paper, noticed along with his team that the pattern of gene expression in fresh human brain tissue differed from published reports of postmortem brain gene expression from people without neurological disorders or from people with a wide variety of neurological disorders, ranging from autism to Alzheimer’s.

“We decided to run a simulated death experiment by looking at the expression of all human genes, at time points from zero to 24 hours, from a large block of recently collected brain tissues, which were allowed to sit at room temperature to replicate the postmortem interval,” Dr Loeb said.

They found that some ‘zombie’ genes were more expressed after the simulated death. These were specific to glial cells, which have an inflammatory role. The researchers observed that these cells continued to grow long arm-like appendages for many hours after death.

“That glial cells enlarge after death isn’t too surprising given that they are inflammatory and their job is to clean things up after brain injuries like oxygen deprivation or stroke,” said Dr Loeb.

Dr Loeb is director of the UI NeuroRepository, which preserves human brain tissues from patients with neurological disorders who gave their consent to use their tissue after death, or during surgery to treat disorders such as epilepsy, where some brain tissue is removed to treat the condition in lesionectomy. This procedure involves removing structural brain lesions — typically malformations of cortical development, low-grade neoplasms, or vascular malformations. Some of the tissue harvested through these various means can be used for research, as in this study.

About 80% of genes, many of which are involved in cellular ‘housekeeping’ activities, kept functioning up to 24 hours after death. Another group of genes involved in cognition and seizure control faded within a few hours of death. These are important to the study of schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease, according to Dr Loeb.

The ‘zombie’ genes ramped up activity as the others were winding down, with these changes peaking at 12 hours.

“Our findings don’t mean that we should throw away human tissue research programs, it just means that researchers need to take into account these genetic and cellular changes, and reduce the post-mortem interval as much as possible to reduce the magnitude of these changes,” Dr Loeb said. “The good news from our findings is that we now know which genes and cell types are stable, which degrade, and which increase over time so that results from postmortem brain studies can be better understood.”

Source: Medical Xpress

Journal information: Fabien Dachet et al. Selective time-dependent changes in activity and cell-specific gene expression in human postmortem brain, Scientific Reports (2021). DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85801-6

Categories : Environmental EffectsTags :

Proximity to Deforested Areas Can Increase Outbreak Risk

On By ModernMedia
Aerial view of logging activities. Photo by Pok Rie from Pexels

A new study has found that human proximity to deforested areas poses an increased risk of the outbreak of zoonotic viruses.  

This adds to a growing body of evidence that human encroachment on the natural environment is resulting in zoonotic disease outbreaks.

Deforested areas and even monocultures such as commercial forests planted by humans are linked to the outbreak of diseases, the researchers found.

The researchers explained that a forest’s healthy diverse ecosystem with a range of species, blocks and filters viruses. However, in the case of monocultures where single species of plants are cultivated, like a palm oil plantation, specialist species die off and are replaced by generalists such as rats which then spread pathogens on to humans.

“I was surprised by how clear the pattern was,” said one of the study authors, Serge Morand, of the French National Centre for Scientific Research. “We must give more consideration to the role of the forest in human health, animal health and environmental health. The message from this study is ‘don’t forget the forest’.”

Using a number of databases from sources such as the World Health Organization, the researchers analysed the relationship between changes in forest cover, plantations, population and disease around the globe.
Over 1990 to 2016, the study period covered 3884 outbreaks of 116 zoonotic diseases that crossed over into humans and 1996 outbreaks of 69 vector-borne infectious diseases, largely carried by mosquitoes, ticks or flies.

“Everyone in the field of planetary health is worried about what is happening to biodiversity, climate and public health in Brazil,” Morand emphasised. “The stress there is growing. The Amazon is near a tipping point due to climate change, which is not good at all for the world ecosystem. If we reach the tipping point, the outcomes will be very bad in terms of drought, fires and for sure in terms of disease.”

The rainforests of the Congo basin and south-east Asia, and monoculture afforestation projects around the world were also cause for concern. “Our results clearly suggest that it is not only forest clearance that is responsible for outbreaks of infectious diseases, but also reforestation or afforestation, particularly in countries outside the tropical zone,” the paper noted.

Morand’s next study involves examining forest cover with satellite imagery and exploring links with that to disease.

Source: The Guardian

Categories : Cardiovascular Disease GenderTags :

Cardiovascular Diseases in Transgender Youth

On By ModernMedia

Young transgender people face a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases, according to a new study.

Anna Valentine, MD, of the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus in Aurora, presented the findings of her team’s study at the Endocrine Society’s virtual ENDO 2021 meeting. Existing research shows increased cardiovascular risks in adult transgender people.

Researchers found that transgender youths assigned female at birth had a higher risk of obesity compared to cisgender female youths, as well as a nearly doubled chance of polycystic ovary syndrome. However, transgender youth did not have an increased risk of hypertension, dysglycaemia, or liver dysfunction.

These differences could be explained by any number of different mechanisms, Dr Valentine explained. “We know that some youth with gender dysphoria have higher rates of overweight and obesity, and that having overweight and obesity itself increases your risk of having other diagnoses.” It is also known that “youth with gender dysphoria have higher rates of mental health comorbidities … as well as getting less physical activity,” she said.

“And they also may be taking medication that could all influence their cardiometabolic health,” she added.

Adult transwomen taking estradiol are more likely to have higher levels of triglycerides and a higher rate of stroke, blood clots, and myocardial infarction (MI). Adult trans men are at greater risk of elevated triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and body mass index (BMI), as well as lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and an increased risk of MI.
The data of 4174 paediatric patients (average age of 16) diagnosed with gender dysphoria, were compared with 16 651 cisgender controls. This data came from six large paediatric centres. Participants were matched with four controls.

However, the data did not include information on which participants were receiving hormonal treatment, which is something that Dr Valentine is looking to address in her research.

“We do know that in the adult data, that there is some association with estradiol use and testosterone use with differences in cholesterol parameters, but this is still an emerging field in paediatrics,” Dr Valentine explained. “We have some small single-center studies that sometimes say ‘yes, with hormones we see an increase in BMI,’ but other studies say ‘this section looks very stable on this hormone’.”

“The fact that we have such a large cohort in this multicentre analysis for our next steps, I think it will be really interesting to look at that,” she added.

Source: MedPage Today

Presentation information: Valentine A, et al “Multicenter analysis of cardiometabolic-related diagnoses in transgender adolescents” ENDO 2021.

Categories : Ethics and LawTags :

Ideological Divide in the US Undermines Research

On By ModernMedia

The crucial participation of the public in medical research in the United States may be affected by ideological affiliation, thereby undermining medical research, warn researchers from Washington University in St Louis.

The COVID vaccines were developed in an unprecedentedly short time, and this was made possible partly by the participation of over 70 000 volunteers. However, such successes may be in jeopardy if distinct populations cannot be adequately represented, and these include ideologically-based ones.The

distrust of black Americans towards the medical sector, especially research, has been well documented. There are even calls to remove the very concept of race from medical research as many believe it only serves to entrench certain preconceptions. This study, however, is the first to examine the effect of political ideology on willingness to participate in research.

“Our research shows that conservatives are less willing to participate in medical research than are liberals. This difference is due, in part, to ideological differences in trust in science,” said Matthew Gabel, professor of political science in Arts & Sciences.

Such a divide harbours potential consequences where medical research is concerned.

“An ideological divide in such participation could undermine both the execution and quality of medical research,” Prof Gabel said. “Given the uneven geographic distribution of political ideology, our findings raise important issues for recruiting study participants and developing political support for medical research. It could also threaten the generalisability of medical studies since important types of health behaviours, such as smoking, vary with Americans’ political ideology.”

While the problem had been brewing for decades, it was only until ideological disparities towards the medical field were exposed by the COVID pandemic that it gained widespread attention.  For example, a study found that conservative republicans were three times more likely to refuse a vaccine than the more liberal independents or democrats.

Prof Gabel saw this coming from a long way off. He wanted to better understand why some people were more inclined to participate in medical research than others, and joined with John C Morris, MD, the Harvey A. and Dorismae Hacker Friedman Distinguished Professor of Neurology and head of the Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center at the School of Medicine; Catherine M Roe, associate professor of neurology at the School of Medicine; and Stanford University’s Jonathan Goobla.

“The value of research with human subjects depends critically on successful recruitment of a representative group of participants. To do that, we have to know sources of bias in who is recruited and who is likely to accept invitations to participate,” Prof Gabel explained.

The researchers analysed survey data from the July 2014 and September 2015 waves of The American Panel Survey, which asked questions about past and future participation in medical research-related activities. These include a clinical trial for a drug, a long-term observations study, a fundraiser for medical research and blood donation. They also had hypothetical questions about one’s willingness to be an organ donor and willingness to participate in an Alzheimer’s disease study.

They selected 1132 respondents 45 years or older, since only they were old enough to participate in those long-term studies, clinical trials and hypothetical Alzheimer’s Disease study.

Those with conservative ideology are less likely to want to participate in medical research, partly because of their lower levels of trust in science. However this lack of trust only accounted for about a quarter of the effect.

“This means that if we want to reduce or eliminate the ideological difference in participation in medical research, we can do some of that by trying to raise trust in science among conservatives,” said Prof Gabel “But even if we are very effective at doing that, my analysis shows that conservatives will still be less likely to participate for ideological reasons unrelated to trust in science.

“The ideological divide in participation in medical research suggests that clinical trials and other long-term observational studies likely over-represent those with liberal political ideology. This can impact the quality of studies because significant health conditions and behaviours — such as smoking, excessive drinking, diets and mortality rates — differ with political ideology,” Prof Gabel said.

“Given the number and political importance of conservatives, and the relative stability of Americans’ ideological commitments, this divide could signify a significant obstacle for the practice, advance and influence of science in the United States,” Gabel concluded.

Source: News-Medical.Net

Journal information: Gabel, M., et al. (2021) The ideological divide in confidence in science and participation in medical research. Scientific Reports. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82516-6.

Categories : Neurology PaediatricsTags :

Boy’s Brain Rewires After Stroke as a Newborn

On By ModernMedia
Photo by cottonbro from Pexels

Researchers have reported the case of a boy whose brain was able to rewire after a severe stroke that damaged much of his brain.

In the seventh grade, 13-year old Daniel Carr amazed his baseball coach with his ability to throw with his left hand, saying that it was the fastest he’d ever seen. However, he was unable to properly catch with his right hand.

Hearing this from the coach, Kellie Carr, Daniel’s mother, realised that his son had a number of quirks, such as favouring his left side when he was an infant, and his left-handedness emerged well before the normal age of two or three. However, she was unable to get any explanation for this until she met Nico Dosenbach, MD, PhD, who informed her that her son had had a stroke when he was a newborn.

MRI scans revealed large, bilateral voids in Daniel’s brain, but incredibly, he had no cognitive, behavioural or motor problems other than a lack of strength and dexterity in his right arm.
“The extent of Daniel’s injuries may be on the edge of what’s compatible with life,” Dosenbach said.

Dainel’s remarkable recovery can be explained by his young age at the time the stroke.

“The brain can compensate more quickly and completely for strokes sustained in early childhood,” he said. “By contrast, large strokes in adults often cause death or severe functional impairment with little chance of recovery. However, the mechanics behind this are only beginning to be understood.”

More MRI scans were done on Daniel’s brain to determine its structure and pathology. Dosenbach and Laumann conducted high-resolution functional MRI scans to understand how Daniel’s brain had reorganised itself.
With his mother’s consent, Daniel was further tested over a period of six years, including batteries of neurological tests, and more scans done. Timothy Laumann, MD, PhD, now a fourth-year psychiatry resident at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, had the expertise to analyse the data.

Looking at his medical records, the physician-scientists noted that he had an infection as a newborn, and was hospitalised with an IV drip. However, none of the physicians had suspected a stroke, which happens to one in every 4000 newborns. Daniel was sent home after a week, the doctors having suspected a viral infection.

“The risk of having a pediatric stroke greatly increases with a medical problem, especially an infection during the newborn period,” Dosenbach said. “However, usually there are more obvious signs that a stroke occurred. I can understand how no one suspected it.”

The researchers compared the images of Daniel’s brain to others of young adults, as well as Dosenbach’s own brain, which he had imaged and studied extensively.

“Part of Daniel’s brain structure is gone,” Laumann explained, referring to their analysis of the MRI data. “He’s missing almost a quarter of his cortex.”

The dead tissue was replaced by pockets of cerebrospinal fluid, which acts as a shock absorber, as well as delivering nutrients and removing waste. The surviving neurons formed interconnected islands that restored cognitive and motor functions, and neighbourhoods of healthy tissue were again reconnected.

“Our findings illustrate the brain’s tenacity at reorganizing and recovering functions damaged by a massive stroke affecting both sides of his brain,” Dosenbach said. “Future studies of functional remapping relative to tissue loss may provide additional insights. Our results raise the possibility that variability in outcomes may depend on specific features unique to an individual’s brain.”

Despite the extensive damage, Daniel completed tertiary education and now works as a diesel mechanic.

“His stroke still shocks me,” Kellie Carr said. “How could I have not known? But looking back, maybe it was better that way. I might have babied Daniel and been afraid to let him be a regular kid. Maybe the best thing for him was living normally.”

Daniel agreed: “I think about my right hand daily because I have to constantly think five steps ahead to figure out how to compensate for not being able to use it properly, like I did with the baseball glove. But the last thing I want is for people to act like something is wrong with me. I’m fine.”

Source: Medical Xpress

Journal information: Timothy O Laumann et al. Brain network reorganisation in an adolescent after bilateral perinatal strokes, The Lancet Neurology (2021). DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00062-4

Categories : COVIDTags :

COVID Vaccines and Vaccination Certificates Sold on Darknet

On By ModernMedia

According to an article by BBC News, COVID vaccines and vaccination certificates are being widely sold on the darknet.

Prices can range from  $500 (R7500) and $750 for doses of the AstraZeneca, Sputnik, Sinopharm or Johnson & Johnson vaccines. Some even allow for emergency delivery with an overnight service. There are also fake vaccination certificates being sold for as little as $150.

Also known as the ‘dark web’, the darknet is a part of the internet that can only be accessed with specific browser tools. One such tool is Tor, a browser specially designed for anonymity.

Cyber-security company Checkpoint says that they have seen the number of adverts triple from when vaccines first become available, to 1200. The sources of the adverts appear to be the US, UK, Spain, Germany, France and Russia.

Oded Vanunu, head of product vulnerabilities research at Check Point told the BBC: “It’s imperative for people to understand that attempting to obtain a vaccine, a vaccination card or negative Covid-19 test result by unofficial means is extremely risky, as hackers are more interested in your money, information and identity for exploitation.”

Mr Vanunu also shared that,  as part of their research, his team purchased a Sinopharm vaccine dose from one of the vendors for $750, but are yet to receive it. His team believes that this particular vendor was a scammer, but others might be selling real vaccines.

Check Point is urging countries to protect their vaccine documentation by implementing a QR code system to make forgeries more difficult.

Source: BBC News

Categories : COVIDTags :

Asymptomatic Carriers are the Biggest Barrier to Containing COVID

On By ModernMedia

The lack of testing in asymptomatic carriers makes it harder to control SARS-CoV-2 spread, according to researchers at the Georgetown Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University in Washington.

Two groups of individuals dominate the transmission of COVID: asymptomatic carriers, who do not develop any symptoms throughout the course of their infection; and presymptomatic carriers, who develop symptoms a few days after being infected.

Transmission without symptoms makes it difficult to estimate the infectious timeline and potential exposures. Asymptomatic cases may likely mingle with others oblivious to their infection, promoting virus spread. They may also not adhere to social distancing, mask wearing etc. Contact tracing is vital to monitor the spread of the disease, and asymptomatic cases makes surveillance to analyse secondary attack rates highly challenging.

Though there is no accurate reporting on the prevalence of asymptomatic cases available, early studies showed that they made up so 30% to 80% of infections. More recent evidence put asymptomatic cases at 17% to 30% of infections.

In COVID cases, the infectious period begins two days before symptom onset and several days thereafter, though viral shedding is reduced in the first week of symptoms.

Viral shedding in asymptomatic cases is poorly understood, however it is known that asymptomatic cases have the same viral load as symptomatic cases, regardless of severity. In asymptomatic individuals, infectious periods are shorter due to reduced titers at peak replication and faster viral clearance.

Some studies have shown that asymptomatic individuals are 42% less likely to infect others and have lower secondary attack rates, while other research indicates that, despite the shorter infectious periods, asymptomatic individuals have similar transmissibility to those who are presymptomatic.
The researchers note that symptomatic individuals were motivated to seek testing, treatment and self-isolate upon feeling COVID symptoms.

“With many contagious people experiencing no symptoms and in the absence of robust surveillance testing for asymptomatic or presymptomatic infections, it is critical to maximising efforts to reduce transmission risk in the community,” noted the researchers.

Source: Medical-News.Net

Journal information: Rasmussen, A., and Popescu, S. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 transmission without symptoms. Science. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/371/6535/1206