Year: 2020

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Tinnitus reduced by electric stimulation of Tongue

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Science reports that a serendipitous discovery by Hubert Lim, a biomedical engineer at the University of Minnesota has led to a new treatment of tinnitus: using electrical shocks in other parts of the body.

It’s “really important” work, says Christopher Cederroth, a neurobiologist at the University of Nottingham, University Park, who was not involved with the study. The finding, he says, joins other research that has shown “bimodal” stimulation—which uses sound alongside some kind of gentle electrical shock—can help the brain discipline misbehaving neurons.

The experiment involved 326 people with tinnitus receiving electrical shocks to their tongue whilst listening to background noise on headphones.

Over the 12 weeks of treatment, the patients’ tinnitus symptoms improved dramatically. More than 80% of those who complied with the prescribed regimen saw an improvement. And they saw an average drop of about 14 points on a tinnitus severity score of one to 100, the researchers report today in Science Translational Medicine. When the team followed up after 12 months, 80% of the participants still had lower tinnitus scores, with average drops of 12.7 and 14.5 points.

The results are “quite impressive,” Cederroth says. The reduction in symptoms is larger than other studies have found for bimodal stimulation, he says, and it’s the first evidence of such long-term effects. A 2018 paper that stimulated the skin on the neck and cheek over a shorter time improved patients’ tinnitus, but there was a smaller dip in severity scores, he notes, of only about seven points. And cognitive behavioral therapy, a kind of talk therapy that is currently the only clinically validated tinnitus therapy, improves severity scores by about 10 points on average.

Still, University of Oxford neuroscientist Victoria Bajo notes there was no control group in the trial. Without that, she says, it’s impossible to know how much patients would have improved on their own or with a placebo. The work is good, she says, “but this is the beginning.”

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Study finds exercise intensity not linked to mortality in older adults

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Medical Express reports that a study published in The BMJ with 1567 participants prescribed high intensity interval training (HIIT) or  moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) to older adults, with surprising results.

The researchers found no difference in all cause mortality between the control group (4.7%, 37 participants) and combined HIIT and MICT group (4.5%, 35 participants).

They also found no differences in cardiovascular disease or cancer between the control group and the combined HIIT and MICT group.

For example, the total proportion of participants with cardiovascular disease after five years was 15.6%, with 16% (125 participants) in the control group, 15% (58 participants) in the MICT group, and 15.3% (61 participants) in the HIIT group.

“This study suggests that combined MICT and HIIT has no effect on all cause mortality compared with recommended physical activity levels,” write the researchers.

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China in discussion with WHO over possible use of its vaccines worldwide

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Despite not having clinical trials not being completed, essential workers in China have been given Chinese-developed vaccines, writes the Daily Maverick. The World Health Organisation (WHO) had reportedly held the first talks aimed at getting the Chinese COVID vaccine. Socorro Escalate, WHO’s coordinator for essential medicines and health technologies in the Western Pacific region, said:

“Potentially through this emergency use listing the quality and safety of these vaccines and efficacy could be assessed. ..and then this could be made available for our licensees.”

The Daily Maverick continues:

China has at least four experimental vaccines in the final stage of clinical trials – two are developed by state-backed China National Biotec Group (CNBG), and the remaining two are from Sinovac Biotech and CanSino Biologics respectively.

They are tested in such countries as Pakistan, Indonesia, Brazil, Russia and the United Arab Emirates.

Last month, the UAE authorized the emergency use of a CNBG vaccine, the first international emergency clearance for one of China’s vaccines, just six weeks after human trials began in the Gulf Arab state.

Philippines President Rodrigo Duterte said last month it would prioritise China and Russia in his country’s global shopping for a vaccine. 

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Electromagnetic fields treat diabetes in animal models

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According to Medial Express, electromagnetic fields (EMF) may be a new way to modulate blood glucose levels. Scientists found that when drawing blood from mice borrowed from an experiment which had them to low level EMF, the typical high blood sugar in these animals was found to be lowered. 

Carter and Huang are energized by the possibility of translating the findings to human patients with type 2 diabetes. In terms of safety, the World Health Organization considers low energy EMFs safe for human health. The UI study also found no evidence of any adverse side effects in mice.

The team is now working on a larger animal model to see if the EMFs produce similar effects in an animal that has a more similar size and physiology to humans. They also plan to conduct studies to understand the redox mechanism underlying the effects of EMFs. Their ultimate goal is to move into clinical trials with patients to translate the technology into a new class of therapies. With that goal in mind, Carter, Huang, and Carter’s twin brother, Walter, have created a startup company called Geminii Health, with help from the UI Office for the Vice President of Research.

“Our dream is to create a new class of non-invasive medicines that remotely take control of cells to fight disease,” Carter says.

The multidisciplinary research team also included scientists from the UI Departments of Radiology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, and Physics and Astronomy, as well as colleagues from Vanderbilt University.

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Researchers calling for loss of smell to be recognised globally as Covid-19 symptom

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Health 24 reports that scientists are calling for loss of smell to be recognised as a main COVID symptom, based on studies which showed that a majority of people who listed loss of sense of smell as a symptom would test positive for COVID antibodies. This could have important ramifications for policymaking, which they go on to discuss:

Currently, many guidelines still urge members of the public to only self-isolate or test when they display flu-like symptoms.


Although the study has limitations, it strongly suggests that an acute loss of smell should be considered as a sign to isolate or test. It also suggests that there is an over-reliance on coughing and fever as the main Covid-19 symptoms.

Prof Batterham said, “Early self-recognition of Covid-19 symptoms by the members of the public, together with rapid self-isolation and PCR testing are vital in order to limit the spread of the disease. Currently, most countries around the world do not recognise a sudden loss of smell as a symptom of Covid-19.”

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Global COVID study, fewer people are willing to give cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

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The Daily Mail reports on a global study has found that, as a result of COVID, significantly fewer people are willing to give cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) than before:

Compared to before the Covid-19 era, 20 per cent fewer people would give mouth-to-mouth to a stranger, if they weren’t breathing. And 14 per cent fewer claimed they would give chest compressions, which could be the difference between life and death.   


The findings are concerning because it is already known that Britons are reluctant to carry out CPR, with around three in ten claiming that they would not assist in saving a dying stranger.

Survival rates for cardiac arrests — which are different to heart attacks — stand at less than 10 per cent. But CPR can more than double a person’s chance of survival outside hospital, according to the British Heart Foundation.

Scientists urged people not to be put off giving first aid due to Covid-19 and insisted the odds of getting the infection this way was tiny.

Chest compressions can still be done with a towel, while wearing a face covering to avoid catching the disease. But health regulators have already urged Britons not to carry out mouth-to-mouth over Covid-19 fears.

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A Common Antibiotic Shows Promise for Zika Protection

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A huge search through known drug compounds showed that a common antibiotic has been shown to be effective against Zika in vitro. Zika, which causes foetal microcephaly, preferentially attacks brain stem cells. 

In order to find a compound that confers Zika protection, the researchers searched for drugs that prevent virus reproduction by blocking the activity of a protein called NS2B-NS3 Zika virus protease. This protease acts to assemble the components of new Zika viruses from protein produced by the virus’ RNA injection into a cell.

“Proteases act like scissors. Blocking protease activity is an effective strategy for counteracting many viruses,” said study leader Rachel Abrams, PhD. “We wanted to look as far and wide as possible for drugs that could prevent the protease from snipping the Zika virus polyprotein into its active pieces.”

To find out which compounds blocked the protease, hundreds of assays were conducted against three different libraries.

An initial screen of 2 000 compounds showed that common tetracycline-based antibiotic drugs, such as methacycline were able to block the protease.

A larger screen of 10 000 compounds found potential candidates in an investigational anti-inflammatory medicine, MK-591, and a failed anti-Alzheimer’s disease drug, JNJ-404.  

Finally, 130 000 compounds were screened virtually, with machine learning being used to investigate what made a good candidate.

The candidate compounds were shown to reduce Zika infections of brain stem cells in vitro.

As methacycline is known to cross the placental barrier, this emerged as a promising candidate to treat pregnant women infected with the virus. However in mouse models, treatment with methacycline only partially protected the brains of newborn mice.

“These results suggest that tetracycline-based antibiotics may at least be effective at preventing the neurological problems associated with Zika virus infections,” said Dr Abrams. “Given that they are widely used, we hope that we can rapidly test their potential in clinical trials.”

Source: News-Medical.Net

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“Elegant Chemo” Uses CRISPR Tools to Target Tumours

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New research from Tel Aviv University led by Prof Dan Peer, has developed a new system to directly slice DNA in cancer cells, effectively “deleting” them with molecular “scissors”, leaving no side effects, it is claimed. 

“This is the first study in the world to prove that the CRISPR genome editing system, which works by cutting DNA, can effectively be used to treat cancer in an animal,” said Peer.

The treatment increased survival by 30% for mice with gliboglioblastoma, one of the deadliest cancers, and 80% in disseminated ovarian tumours. 

When adapted for humans, the treatment would have to be customised for each individual based on a biopsy and then injected, either into the tumour or generally.

Peer explained that the injection consists of three components: a nanoparticle made from lipids, messenger RNA which “encodes” the “tiny scissor function” for cutting the DNA, and a system which “recognises” cancerous cells.   

Peer said, “When we first spoke of treatments with messenger RNA twelve years ago, people thought it was science fiction. I believe that in the near future, we will see many personalized treatments based on genetic messengers, for cancer and various genetic diseases.”

Source: Times of Israel

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COVID and Vaping Lung Injuries can be Confused

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Three recent case studies show that breathing problems in teens could be a result of vaping or COVID, according to a UC Davis Health paediatric team.

Known as e-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury (EVALI), it is present in large numbers. As of February 2020, 2758 cases of EVALI were hospitalised, with 64 deaths in the United States, and over half of those hospitalised were under 25 years old.

“EVALI and COVID-19 share many symptoms but have very different treatment plans,” said lead author Kiran Nandalike, associate professor of paediatrics. “For this reason, providers caring for pediatric patients with unexplained respiratory failure should consider EVALI and ask for relevant smoking/vaping history.”

EVALI and COVID patients often present with fever, cough, nausea, abdominal pain and diarrhoea. Bilateral ground glass opacities are seen in chest imaging in both conditions.

Adolescents often use vaping with marijuana obtained through friends, family and unlicenced dealers, with products often containing vitamin E acetate, an additive which is strongly associated with lung injury. Isolation and stress as a result of the COVID pandemic increased usage.

In the case studies, all of the patients had fever, nausea and cough, as well as a high heart rate, rapid breathing and low blood oxygen levels. Laboratory results showed higher white blood cells (WBC) count and elevated inflammation, pointing to COVID inflammation. Chest imaging revealed nonspecific ground glass opacities. Despite all other findings indicating COVID, SARS-CoV-2 testing was negative. The patients were successfully treated with steroids, a potentially life-saving treatment for EVALI.

“To help reduce risk of EVALI recurrence, providers would recommend vaping cessation counseling to patients and close outpatient monitoring,” advised Nandalike.

Source: Medical Xpress

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Gut Microbiome is Linked to Pulmonary Disease

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A link has been shown between the gut microbiome and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a lung disease with an often poor prognosis.

Senior author Prof Phil Hansbro, Director of the Centenary University of Technology Sydney Centre for Inflammation, said, “It’s already known that the lung microbiome is a contributing factor in COPD. We wanted to see if the gut environment was also somehow involved–to determine whether the gut could act as a reliable indicator of COPD or if it was connected in some way to the development of the disease.”

Stool samples of COPD patients showed elevated levels of the bacteria Streptococcus and Lachnospiraceae. Additionally a unique metabolite signature was identified in individuals with COPD, created by the chemical by-products of the metabolic process.

First author Dr Kate Bowerman from the University of Queensland said, “Our research indicates that the gut of COPD patients is notably different from healthy individuals. This suggests that stool sampling and analysis could be used to non-invasively diagnose and monitor for COPD,” she said.
“The ‘gut-lung axis’ describes the common immune system of the lung and gastrointestinal tract. This means that activity in the gut can impact activity in the lung. Our COPD findings suggest that the gut microbiome should now also be considered when looking for new therapeutic targets to help treat lung disease,” Prof Hansbro said.

Source: Medical Xpress